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Office equipment is expected to be the fastest-growing segment of commercial energy use over the next 20 years, yet many aspects of office equipment energy use are poorly understood. User behavior, such as turning off devices at night or enabling power management, influences energy use to a great extent. The computing environment also plays a role both in influencing user behavior and in the success of power management. Information about turn-off rates and power management rates for office equipment was collected through a series of after-hours audits in commercial buildings. Sixteen businesses were recruited, including offices (small, medium and large offices in a variety of industries), schools, and medical buildings in California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. The types and power states of office equipment found in these buildings were recorded and analyzed. This article presents these data for computers, monitors, printers, copiers, fax machines, scanners and multi-function devices. These data can be used to improve estimates of both energy consumption for these devices and savings from energy conservation efforts. *Corresponding author. Fax: 1-510-486-4247. Email address: cawebber@lbl.gov (C.A. Webber).

Objectives To assess whether late surfactant treatment of extremely low gestational age newborn (ELGAN) infants requiring ventilation at 7–14 days, who often have surfactant deficiency and dysfunction, safely improves survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study design ELGAN infants (≤ 28 0/7 weeks) who required mechanical ventilation at 7–14 days were enrolled in a randomized, masked controlled trial at 25 US centers. All infants received inhaled nitric oxide (INO) and either surfactant (calfactant/Infasurf®) or sham instillation every 1–3 days to a maximum of 5 doses while intubated. The primary outcome was survival at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) without BPD, evaluated by physiologic oxygen/flow reduction. Results Between January 2010 and September 2013, 511 infants were enrolled. There were no differences between treatment groups in mean birth weight (701±164 g), gestational age (25.2±1.2 weeks), percentage <26 weeks (70.6%), race, sex, severity of lung disease at enrollment, or co-morbidities of prematurity. Survival without BPD was not different between treated vs. controls at 36 weeks PMA (31.3% vs. 31.7%; relative benefit 0.98 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.28 p=0.89) or 40 weeks (58.7% vs. 54.1%; relative benefit 1.08:0.92, 1.27 p=0.33). There were no differences between groups in serious adverse events, co-morbidities of prematurity, nor in the severity of lung disease to 36 weeks. Conclusions Late treatment with up to 5 doses of surfactant in ventilated premature infants receiving iNO was well tolerated but did not improve survival without BPD at 36 or 40 weeks. Pulmonary and neurodevelopmental assessments are ongoing.

This paper presents the results of 11 after-hours walk-throughs of offices in the San Francisco CA and Washington D.C. areas. The primary purpose of these walk-throughs was to collect data on turn-off rates for various types of office equipment (computers, monitors, printers, fax machines, copiers, and multifunction products). Each piece of equipment observed was recorded and its power status noted (e.g. on, off, low power). Whenever possible, we also recorded whether power management was enabled on the equipment. The floor area audited was recorded as well, which allowed us to calculate equipment densities.We found that only 44 percent of computers, 32 percent of monitors, and 25 percent of printers were turned off at night. Based on our observations we estimate success rates of 56 percent for monitor power management and 96 percent for enabling of power management on printers.

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