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: Twenty-two strains of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), collected from groundnut crops of eight locations in Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1991 and 1996 were assayed in the F1 generation for resistance to commonly used insecticides. Resistance levels ranged as follows : cypermethrin, 0É2-to 197-fold ; fenvalerate, 8-to 121-fold ; endosulfan, 1-to 13-fold ; quinalphos, 1-to 29-fold ; monocrotophos, 2-to 362-fold and methomyl, 0É7-to 19-fold. In nearly all strains pre-treatment with the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, resulted in complete suppression of cypermethrin resistance (2-to 121-fold synergism), indicating that enhanced detoxiÐcation by microsomal P450-dependent monooxygenases was probably the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Pre-treatment with the synergist DEF, an inhibitor of esterases and the glutathione S-transferase system, resulted in a 2-to 3-fold synergism with monocrotophos indicating that esterases and possibly glutathione S-transferases were at least to some extent contributing to organophosphate resistance.

PULMONARY complications occur frequently after abdominal surgery, and in spite of advances in anaesthetic and surgical techniques, and the advent of chemotherapeutic agents, it would appear that these complications remain a major problem. With the purpose of presenting an assessment of the present incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, a prospective survey was planned and is reported in the present paper. METHODAfter a short pilot study, the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was investigated over a 7-month period. This period yielded 49 postoperative pulmonary complications in 785 patients. All patients undergoing operations under general anaesthesia were included. They were in the care of two consultant surgeons sharing male and female wards in a non-teaching hospital.Each patient had a survey sheet included in his notes on admission to the ward, and data were recorded on this sheet throughout his stay in hospital. If a postoperative pulmonary complication developed, a second sheet was added and the details recorded. These survey sheets were removed from the patient's notes on discharge from hospital or death, checked for completeness, and filed for later analysis. Using this method and with the co-operation of the housemen and ward staff, it was found that the data on each patient were virtually complete.

The g r~)~~n d r~c~t I~,:~tniincr. ,.?~~rocrtr-c~rt~ri rtroclrii'l!i.r (Ilcvcntcr) (I.cpidoptera: (iclcchlldac). I\ ;In 1ri1lxnta111 pC\1 of \cvcr;ll lcyl~rnc crop\ in South anil So~~th-I:a\t A\ia. For grountlnut. \iclll loh\c\ of --.511",, h ;~\ c Ihcxcn rclx>rtc(l 11. ;~d d~t~o n (1) grouriclnut and \o\hci111 (the main crops att;~ckcd). I2 ;iltcrr~;~t~\c lio\~ plants h;~vc t~,clr :i~por-tctl ,I, r~rr~ilrccllo I S prc\cnt t h r o~t g h~~~t tlic rcgioli. ;iIthough it ha\ licc~i \~L I~I L~ rr~o\t iri~cnsivrl~ i n 11id1;1 :11icI '~I I ; I I I~I I I~I Icar\ ha\ ~>ri)\i~lctl ;I g(>od untlcrsti~ndir~g of tllc hioloy!. l~fc c . \ t l c and natur,~l cncnllcs o f thi5 pest. Rc\carch on rnani~gcn~i~nt ha\ Iocu\ctl oil chi,rriical corntrol. l'hi\ p;ipcr rcvicw thc litcr;~turc on thc hu\t plant\. rli\trit)ution. I?~trlogy ;~ncl i~ontrol of .4 rr~o~lrr~rllu. cmpt~;~si;.iny rc\~,:~rch rcpt~rtcd .;lnec 1 W I A\pcct\ of .,I. 11r~11!1r~~110 ccoll~g\ t l l i~t i~t.cd l~~i t l i~,~ \ILICI> , I I L~ aI\o I I I c I I~~~I~~L I . Keywords Groundnut Atachrs Aproa~rema rnod~celia qroundnut leafmtner natural enemles biology host plants Taxonomy and distribution The groundnu1 Izafm~ncr ((;LI\I), ,.lprotrc,r.c~rr~(~ tnotiicc~llu (L)c\'cnter) ( I cpicloptcr;~: Ciclcchiid;~c), i\ a scrious pc\t ot gr'ouridnut ;rntl \oybe;~n in So~crh :tnd South-Ea\t A s i ;~ (W~ghtnian (,/ (11.. IOVO). Arnln ( IOSi) has callcd i t thC most impc~rtarit grounclnut pc.;t in India. Originally clcscril>ed ;i.; ilrtrrcc~rrlpsi,~ ric~r/c,r.in Meyr. Iron1 specimens collcctcd in India (Mcyrick. 1006). five othcr binomial\ have rclcrr-cd to the silrnc pcst: Hilohri .~~rh.rc~r~i~~clltr~ Zcllcr. .S/orr~optcr,~.r rtc,rtclrlci Mcyr.. S/otnol,/r.ry.\ trr,r/nrin M q r . . S/orriop/rrv.\ .s~cOst~c~ii~c~lln Zellcr. and AprcjclrrcJr7llr tir7rtcria Meyr. 'The ~~n c c r t a i n taxonomy was due to the euistcncc of Iwo, nun-congcricric leaf-miners: onc from South Africa is now c;~llcd ,S/ornol~/rry.r .snl~.rc~c~i~~c~lla (%cller) : rhc second is the Indian-Indonesian groundnut Ic;ifminer, Aproctercrli~u rliiodic.e~llii (Dcventcr) [ J . I).

Mechanisms of resistance to Hrlicooeq~c~ cln~tigcv-rr Hi1l)rier in cllickpen, Cicer urit.tinurn L., were investigated. Inhihition of hrvd growth occiirred i n a feeding test using the leaves of chickpea genotypes, which had previously bee11 identified as having resistilnce to H , crn~ligeru. A feeding test using unwashed ilnd washed leaves revealed tl~i~t tht. si~bstancr responsible for the growth inhibition was water so111I)le ;md resent on the srlrfilce of the leaves. Acid co~npo~~ents of the leaf exr~tli~te were imi~lyzed by !ig~l-~erfornl~illCr liqaid c11romatography. Oxalic acid and rnalic acid were detected as tniijor colnponrnts in ull 4 genotypes that were analyzed. Genotypes resistant to H. e~n~tigerrl ;~ccrinnllated Inore oxalic ticid on the leaves than sr~sceptiblr genotypes. Oxalic acid showcd significant growtli inhillition on H. ctn~tigc?rcr larviir when incl~ided in a semi-;~rtificiel diet. Tlie i~c*crlmlllotion ol' oxalir ;tcid is consitlered to be one of the mecl~anislns of H. rln~tigcv-r~ resistance ill chickpri~. Inhibition of larvill growth by oxalic acid was not r*aused I)y antifeediint effects 1)rrt was Inore likely i~ttrihutable to antibiosis. Miilic acid J~ad n o effect on Iiirval growtli.. . KEY WORDS liost plant resistance, growth inhibition, rnalic ilrid Helicourr)~n nnnigbra HUBNER is a serious pest on a wide range of crops including chickpea, Cicrr aric~tini~rn L.; pigeonpea, Cnjnntrs crzjai~ (L,.) Millsp.: s~lnflower, Helinnthus nnttr~us L.; maize, Zen iruiys L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moerlch; tomato, Lycopemicon esu~lenturri (Mill); and cotton, Govsypium spp. On chickpea, H, arntigern is commonly known as the gram pod Imrer, and causes substantial crop losses in alrnost all couritries where chickpea is grown. Several chickpea genotypes have been identified with exploitable levels of resistance to H. arrrtigeru (Dias et al. 1983. Lateef 1985, Lateef and Sachan 1990). These genotypes frequently suffer lower pod damage relative to susceptible genotypes. Antibiosis and oviposition antixenosis were reported as mectianisms of H. armigera resistance in some chickpea

Abstract-Effects of malic acid and oxalic acid on oviposition of Helicoverpa armigera were investigated in a laboratory cage choice experiment. Malic acid stimulated oviposition at a concentration of 0.6 ^imol/cm2 but inhibited it at 3.4 fimol/cm2. Oxalic acid showed neither stimulation nor inhibition of oviposition at 0.25-1.7 /^mol/cm2. Correlations between the amount of these acids in trichome exudate on leaf and pod surface and H. armigera populations and pod damage were investigated in a field experiment using 14 chickpea genotypes. Malic acid on the leaves stimulated oviposition during the vegetative and flowering stages, when its concentration was 0.1-0.7 ^mol/cm2. Later, during the podding stage there was no significant correlation between either egg density or pod damage and malic acid levels. However, there was a significant negative correlation between pod damage and oxalic acid levels. Oxalic acid, which had been reported to have an antibiotic effect on H. armigera larvae, has an important role in resistance to this pest in chickpea. The length of the podding period was also a factor influencing the extent of pod damage; a longer podding period resulted in prolonged exposure to H. armigera attack and more pod damage.

Fourteen wild species of Arachis (Leguminosae) were investigated under field and laboratory conditions to evaluate their effect on the survival and development of the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). All of the species studied were observed to be resistant compared to the susceptible control, Arachis hypogaea (genotype TMV2). Overall, the mortality and development of larvae recorded in the field were similar to those recorded for larvae on excised leaves of the same species in the laboratory. When neonate larvae were exposed to excised leaves of A. batizogaea, A. kemph-mercadoi, A. appresipila, A. paraguariensis, A. stenophyla and A. villosa mortality was greater than 94% compared to less than 20% on TMV2. Third stadium larvae lost weight when exposed to both field plants and excised leaves of eight of the wild species, whereas larvae feeding on TMV2 gained weight. When third stadium larvae were fed pulped leaves they gained more weight than when exposed to intact leaves, except in the case of A. chacoensis and Arachis spp. 30007. A penetrometer was used to determine the relative toughness of the leaves. The leaves of most of the wild species were shown to require a greater biting effort for feeding than the leaves of TMV2. There was a negative correlation between toughness of whole leaves and larval development. Observations of larval behaviour indicated that, overall, larvae were deterred from feeding on the leaves of the wild species. Diets containing the chemical extracts of dried leaves of A. kemph-mercadoi, A. paraguariensis, A. appresipila, A. chacoensis, A. glabrata and A. pseudovillosa resulted in low larval weight gain. The physical quality of the leaves and foliar chemicals are implicated as being responsible for the observed resistance. The implications and potential applications of these results are discussed.