To cite this article: J. A. Radcliffe (1963) Some properties of ipsative score matrices and their relevance for some current interest tests, Australian Journal of Psychology, 15:1, 1-11To link to this article: http://dx.
Formulae are required for estimating the reliability and validity of scales constructed to measure a single factor, when irrelevant common and specific factors also exist among the data. Equations are here developed for this purpose, to cover scales with single members or many members, and with both weighted and unweighted components: the use of suppressor patterns is also taken into account. Relations to existing formulae, e.g., those of Spearman and Brown, are worked out, and an improved nomenclature is proposed.
The use of statistical criteria of factor extraction throws doubt on earlier factorial studies of the WAIS, which either extracted too many (Cohen) or too few factors (Maxwell). Cohen's averaging of dissimilar correlation matrices for ages 60-75+ was invalid. Within the samples analysed, and contrary to these earlier studies, the factor structure of the WAIS becomes more complex as age increases (z factors at ages 18-19; 3 at 25-34; and 5 at 45-54), although probably it measures the "general intellective" factor equally well at all ages. Estimates of uncorrelated factor scores are shown to be likely to be more useful generally than a prior; subscale IQs or subtest pattern analyses, both of which ignore 1 Prepared at the Psychometric Laboratory, '954, 7, 81-91.
PROBLEMThe application of a number of objective tests to determine motivation components is opening a new dimension in the study of attitudes. Cattell and Baggaley(60 ') studying the attitudes of Air Force men isolated five replicable and psychologically meaningful factors. Three were descriptiveIy identified with psychoanalytic functions ascribed to the id, ego and super ego, and the other two factors were descriptively related to the physiological involvement in an attitude and the repressed conflicts which an attitude summons forth. A previous study by RadclifTe (8) with a limited number of variables yielded results which largely confirmed the presence of these same motivation components in the measurement of children's attitudes. That study, like Tapp's('O) utilized group devices and therefore failed to isolate a delta factor.The purpose of this study was to replicate the three previous studies mentioned and to add instruments to measure the physiological components. It assumed the additional function of testing new devices utilizing psychodynamic principles which might clarify the manifest nature of the motivation factors thus far only descriptively identified. METHODSubject. The subjects for this study, as for the pilot study, were grade school children of both sexes from the public schools of Decatur, Illinois. The racial constituency was largely white, but included a few Negroes of insufficient number to warrant statistical recognition. Attitudes. To conform to the general pattern of the pilot studies@' l o ) this study was also primarily directed toward the measurement of attitudes toward movies and religion. Attitudes from eight other sentiment areas were included to be used as an "attitude pool". These other areas were: sports and fitness, comics, patriotipm, science, domestic tasks, out-of-doors, mechanical activities and pets. The religious attitude to be measured was "I want to go to church to gain help from my faith". The attitude toward movies was "I want to go to the movies". Test Devices. The test devices were carefully selected to fill several needs distinctive to this study. The criteria utilized in this choice were: historical effectiveness as markers of motivation components, adaptability physically and psychologically to a young population, and ability to discriminate between two or more conflicting hypotheses for the identifying of the same motivation components. Marker variables were chosen largely from the Catt,ell and Baggaley(60 ') studies. Statistical Analysis. The scoring of the test devices was largely ipsative, thus measuring not differences between individuals but differences between any individual's attitudes. These test scores for religion and for movies were intercorrelated into two separate matrices, each of which was then factored. Preliminary studies suggested that the extraction of fifteen factors should be adequate to include the significant interrelationships.The centroid factor structure was then subjected to standard oblimax rotation process as programmed on the Illiac...
Relatively naive psychology sophomores effectively can fake the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Maudsley Personality Inventory to simulate both an "extravert", and an "aggressive" sales executive personality pattern, and to create a "good impression." Differences among the three conditions are consistent with different intcntions by the testees. Students conccivc creating a "good impression" as portraying themselves as being extraverted and non-anxious-neurotic. The fact that both questionnaires are equally fakeahle points to the need for care in their use in employee selection.
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