This study examines iron contamination of well water within Makurdi urban area. Water samples were collected from 15 wells and analysed for iron concentration as it affect the quality of drinking water. The analyses were done according to standard method of water examination. The results of the analyses show that 40% of wells studied exhibit elevated iron concentrations above the WHO limits for drinking water. The presence of iron in shallow wells of the study area may be traced to the local environment of the wells. These include: the geology, dissolution of iron minerals from rocks and soil, precipitation and run off, construction and agricultural activities. Although iron concentrations at objectionable levels were noted in some of the shallow wells, most residents were found using them for drinking and other domestic purposes, since the public water supply is generally inadequate and in most cases inaccessible. To reduce health risk some form of treatment like filtering and or reverse osmosis may be applied before use.
This study assessed afforestation programme and community perception in Gumel Local Government area of Jigawa state. Field data collection was done using structured questionnaire and Landsat satellite imageries. A total of two hundred (200) questionnaire were distributed to the 200 sample size drawn from the sample area using a multi-stage sampling design technique. In a similar way, Landsat data were collected for a period of thirty (30) years using Landsat TM for 1988 and 1998 with Landsat ETM for 2008 and landsat-8 operational land imager (OLI) for 2018 using Earthexplorer. A 30m by 30m resolution Landsat image of the study area was obtained from NASA website. The images were downloaded from the Global Land Cover Facility of the University of Maryland (GLCF, 2018) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and spatially referenced in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection with datum World Geodetic System (WGS). The images were extracted to Tiff formats for processing and classification using maximum likelihood classifier in Idrisi Selva. The collected data were subjected to analysis such as mean, simple percentage, graphs and tables. Results shows that between the year 1988 to 2018, afforestation in Gumel Local Government Area of Jigawa State increases significantly due to the success of the afforestation programme. It was however recommended that Government agencies in charge of forestry activity are thereby encouraged to put up measures in ensuring the avoidance of forest encroachment activities so as to ensure abundance trees and land covers.
Forests are considered to be the very basis for human existence as they touch virtually every aspect of human endeavour. Despite the numerous benefits of forests, the world is experiencing unprecedented degradation of forest and its resources; this is mainly attributed to land use and land cover (LULC) change. Therefore, monitoring of these changes has become a necessity. Hence, the use of remotely sensed data in conjunction with GIS for land use and land cover analysis of Tse Gavar community forest in Vandeikya Local Government Area would definitely enhance the available data for sustainable management and promotion of community forest in the State. This study made use of mostly secondary data from pre-existing satellites imageries. The Landsat TM for 1986, Landsat ETM+ for 2001 and 2012 as well as OLI for 2018 images were sourced from the Earthexplorer platform from United States Geological Surveys (USGS), Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) and GloVis. Images were subjected to various image processing techniques and supervised classification was carried out on the various images. The classification resulted in classes of farmland, other vegetation, forest area and bare land. The percentage of LULC in Tse Gavar Forest Reserve indicated that farmland increased from 5.78% in 1986 to 18.25% in 2018. Shrubland also increased from 3.06% in 1986 to 21.08% in 2018. Forested area decreased from 84.17% in 1986 to 59.38% in 2018. The magnitude of land use/land cover change within the 32 years period showed that 9.36 Ha of the forest area was lost to other forms of land use, the bare land area lost within the period was 0.09 Ha to other land uses. Farmland area increased by 4.32 Ha within the period, shrubland increased by 5078.88 km2. It was established that just like other protected areas, land use and land cover changes are going on in the Tse Gavar community forest reserve. Enrichment planting of the reserve was recommended.
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