CWRS cultivars in western Canada (Saskatchewan Agriculture, Food, and Rural Revitalization, 2003) are An increasing number of western Canadian hard red spring wheat described as PI (CDC Teal, Hughes and Hucl, 1993; cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) are photoperiod insensitive, in part, AC Eatonia, de Pauw et al., 1994; AC Elsa, Clarke et to accommodate short day winter nurseries within breeding programs. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance al., 1997; AC Intrepid, de Pauw et al., 1999; AC Abbey, of near-isogenic photoperiod sensitive (PS) and insensitive (PI) hard de Pauw et al., 2000). Photoperiod response is of interest red spring wheat lines over 21 environments (1996)(1997)(1998) to determine to plant breeders in northern latitudes as PS cultivars if insensitivity had an effect on agronomic performance. Eight PS have provided good yield stability, local adaptation, and and eight PI isogenic lines within each of three genetic backgrounds high productivity in northern areas of North America including AC Minto, CDC Makwa, and SWP5304 were evaluated. (Busch et al., 1984; Knott, 1986). Photoperiod types The dominant allele Ppd-D1 conferred insensitivity to PI lines. The are classified as PS, which require long days for timely experimental design was a randomized complete block design with flowering, or PI, which can be grown successfully in three replications. Testing environments included Fort Vermillion, long or short day environments. Scarth and Law (1984) AB (58؇ N), Dawson Creek, BC (55؇ N), Saskatoon, SK (52؇ N), Elrose, reported that three genes control photoperiod in wheat SK (51؇ N), Elgin, MB (49؇ N), Bozeman, MT (45؇ N), Ste. Foy, QC (46؇ N), Charlottetown, PE (46؇ N), Guelph, ON (43؇ N), and Akron, including Ppd-D1 located on the long arm of chromo-CO (40؇ N). Measurements were made on 11 traits including final leaf some 2D, Ppd-B1 on the short arm of 2B, and Ppd-A1 number, days to heading and maturity, plant height, grain yield, kernel located on the long arm of 2A. The dominant alleles weight, spikelets per spike (total, fertile, and sterile), seeds per spike, Ppd-A1, Ppd-B1, and Ppd-D1 (formerly Ppd3, Ppd2, and yield per spike. Generally, PS lines were later in heading andand Ppd1, respectively) confer insensitivity to photopematurity, taller, initiated more leaves and spikelet primordia, and 5% riod whereas the recessive alleles (ppd-A1, ppd-B1, and higher yielding. Genetic backgrounds differed significantly in all traits, ppd-D1; formerly ppd3, ppd2, and ppd1, respectively) except final leaf number and grain yield. Significant, noncrossover, confer sensitivity. The potency of the group 2 photopephotoperiod response type ϫ genetic background interactions were riod genes for insensitivity has been ranked in the order observed only for fertile spikelets per spike and seeds per spike. Our Ppd-D1 Ͼ Ppd-B1 Ͼ Ppd-A1 (Worland, 1996).
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