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PCR ribotyping was modified to allow direct detection of Clostridium difficile from stool samples. Direct PCR ribotyping was possible in 86 out of 99 C. difficile-positive stool samples, and in 84 cases (84.8%), the ribotype determined directly from the stool sample was identical to the ribotype of the strain isolated from the same stool sample.Clostridium difficile infections represent a significant burden on the health care system. Although many infections are sporadic, nosocomial transmission is still important and outbreaks are a constant threat in the hospital environment. The ability to detect such outbreaks quickly is critical to infection control.Several typing techniques, all of them based on having a pure culture of the organism, have been described for C. difficile (3). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR ribotyping are the methods of choice in North America and in Europe, respectively. Three variations of PCR ribotyping have been described, two of them differing in the primers used, and while two use traditional agarose gel-based analysis (1, 5), the third uses capillary gel electrophoresis-based analysis of the results (2). Here, we describe a modification of PCR ribotyping that can be used for detection of C. difficile ribotypes directly in stool samples.Direct PCR ribotyping from stool samples. A total of 105 stool samples submitted to the Institute of Public Health Maribor (MB laboratory) for routine C. difficile testing and 84 samples from the Institute of Public Health Murska Sobota (MS laboratory) were tested. Samples from the MB laboratory were identified as C. difficile positive according to positive culture on CLO selective plates (bioMérieux) after ethanol shock. Samples from the MS laboratory were tested using the Cepheid Xpert C. difficile assay. From these samples, C. difficile was isolated as described above.For direct PCR ribotyping from stool samples, we designed new primers located partially within the C. difficile 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) and partially within the 16S (forward primer) and 23S (reverse primer) rRNA genes. New primers were defined on the basis of DNA sequences of the ISRs of 29 different PCR ribotypes (data not shown). These primers resulted in increased specificity for C. difficile and could be used for direct typing from the stool sample.The primer sequences were 5Ј GCTGGATCACCTCCTTT CTAAG (forward primer) and 5Ј TGACCAGTTAAAAAGG TTTGATAGATT (reverse primer). A QIAamp DNA stool minikit (Qiagen, Germany) was used to extract total DNA from stool samples, and 5 l was used as template DNA for PCR. The ISRs were amplified in a final volume of 50 l containing 5 l of DNA, 50 pmol of each primer, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 1.25 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). The amplification conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 95°C, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 95°C for denaturation, 1 min at 57°C for annealing, and 1 min at 72°C for elongation, plus 10 min at 72°C for...

SUMMARY Following the recognition of a mecC MRSA isolate from a patient hospitalized in the northeastern region of Slovenia, a national collection of 395 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolates from 2006 to 2013 was screened. An additional six mecC MRSA strains were found and characterized as spa types t843, t9397 and t10009, and multilocus sequence type ST130. The low oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentrations and absence of the mecA gene make recognition of these MRSA strains problematical for diagnostic laboratories. In such strains the presence of mecC should be determined.

The first case of Vibrio cholerae infection to be reported in Slovenia since 1977 was detected in July 2005

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PVL-positive strains of CA-MRSA have been isolated in Slovenia only rarely. We will continue to monitor strains of MRSA in order to obtain the complete microbiological and epidemiological features.

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such as serologic or molecular methods, are not available in Ecuador, and have been seldom used there, for research purposes (5,8). Moreover, serologic assays have been implemented mostly for other species, such as P. westermani and P. kellicotti worms (8,9), and clinical validation for P. mexicanus worms is lacking (9,10). Limited access to healthcare services in some remote communities can further cause late diagnosis.Control strategies to limit human infection are hampered by the wide presence of the parasite in many domestic and wild mammals, and the complex life cycle involving 2 intermediate hosts (snail and crustacean) (5). Thus, health education on proper food preparation is the main intervention to reduce infections (1).