Two-dimensional mixed convection radiative nanofluid
flow along
with the non-Darcy permeable medium across a wavy inclined surface
are observed in the present analysis. The transformation of the plane
surface from the wavy irregular surface is executed via coordinate
alteration. The fluid flow has been evaluated under the outcomes of
heat source, thermal radiation, and chemical reaction rate. The nonlinear
system of partial differential equations is simplified into a class
of dimensionless set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through
a similarity framework, where the obtained set of ODEs are further
determined by employing the computational technique parametric continuation
method (PCM) via MATLAB software. The comparative assessment of the
current outcomes with the earlier existing literature studies confirmed
that the present findings are quite reliable, and the PCM technique
is satisfactory. The effect of appropriate dimensionless flow constraints
is studied versus energy, mass, and velocity profiles and listed in
the form of tables and figures. It is perceived that the inclination
angle and wavy surface assist to improve the flow velocity by lowering
the concentration and temperature. The velocity profile enhances with
the variation of the inclination angle of the wavy surface, non-Darcian
term, and wavy surface term. Furthermore, the rising value of Brownian
motion and thermophoresis effect diminishes the heat-transfer rate.
The energy and mass transition through Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow comprised of copper Cu and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (nps) over an extended surface has been reported. The thermal and velocity slip conditions are also considered. Such a type of physical problems mostly occurs in symmetrical phenomena and are applicable in physics, engineering, applied mathematics, and computer science. For desired outputs, the fluid flow has been studied under the consequences of the Darcy effect, thermophoresis diffusion and Brownian motion, heat absorption, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation. An inclined magnetic field is applied to fluid flow to regulate the flow stream. Hybrid nanofluid is created by the dispensation of Cu and Al2O3 nps in the base fluid (water). For this purpose, the flow dynamics have been designed as a system of nonlinear PDEs, which are simplified to a system of dimensionless ODEs through resemblance substitution. The parametric continuation method is used to resolve the obtained set of dimensionless differential equations. It has been noticed that the consequences of heat absorption and thermal radiation boost the energy transmission rate; however, the effect of suction constraint and Darcy–Forchhemier significantly diminished the heat transference rate of hybrid nanofluids. Furthermore, the dispersion of Cu and Al2O3 nps in the base fluid remarkably magnifies the velocity and energy transmission rate.
The present investigation computes the heat transport phenomenon of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of CuO-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid over a spinning disc. The authors are confident that there is very less analysis covering the fluid flow containing silver and copper oxide nanoparticles over a rotating disk. Therefore, the authors are interested to consider the water-based nanoliquid flow over a spinning disk. Furthermore, the velocity slip and thermal convective conditions are taken into consideration. The formulation of the problem is made in the form of PDEs and is then converted into the nonlinear ODEs by employing suitable similarity transformations. The homotopic analysis approach is applied for the semi-analytical solution of these resulting equations. The convergence of homotopic approach has also revealed with the help of figure. The performance of the hybrid nanofluid flow velocities and temperature has been shown in a graphical form against distinct flow parameters. Also, the numerical results of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number have been calculated in a tabular form. The outcomes of the current problem show that the increase in the skin friction of the water-based copper oxide nanofluid is greater than the water-based silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the skin friction of the hybrid nanofluid is increased by 8% compared to the silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate of the water-based copper oxide nanofluid is greater than the water-based silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid is 52% greater than that of silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. It is found that the Nusselt number of the hybrid nanofluid is highly affected by the embedded parameters as compared to nanofluids.
It is estimated that there are over 300 million out-of-school children (OOSC) worldwide. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UNSDG) 4 aims to significantly reduce this number by the year 2030. A tremendous amount of effort and resources are being directed by national and international organizations to meet the UN SDG 4. Unfortunately, in some countries, the donated money for the OOSC goes into setting up fake schools often referred to as ghost schools. A large amount of the donated money is also being spent on monitoring and evaluation (ME) as well as other checks and balances to ensure transparency and accountability. But, unfortunately, the ME methods and the accuracy of information obtained are highly questionable. When such doubt arises, the money donated to such causes is stopped. In this paper, we present a radically new approach to ensure equity, quality, and accountability in education using a new ROFSET Framework. The ROFSET Framework allows us to introduce for the first time automation and artificial intelligence techniques for ME of teaching and learning effectiveness. It is cost-effective, easily deployable, and scalable. It is believed that the ROFSET Framework will make a significant impact on achieving the UNSDG 4 by 2030.
This paper studies the mixed convective flow of a magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid over an extending sheet. The first-order velocity slip condition is taken to observe the slip flow of the fluid. The applications of solar radiation toward the micropolar fluid flow are analyzed in this paper. Furthermore, the Brownian motion, thermophoresis and Joule heating impacts are also studied. Also, the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model, chemical reaction and activation energy are observed. The leading PDEs have been transformed to ODEs and then solved with the help of homotopy analysis technique. The impacts of different physical parameters have been evaluated theoretically. The outcomes exhibited that the material factors have augmented the microrotation and velocity profiles. Moreover, the velocity slip parameter has a reverse relation with velocity and microrotation profiles, while there is a direct relation of a velocity slip with the energy curve. The velocity profile has increased with higher thermal and mass Grashof numbers. With increasing Brownian motion parameter, the thermal profile is amplified while the concentration profile is declined. On the other hand, the thermal and mass profiles have been boosted with greater thermophoresis parameter. The velocity profile has decreased with higher magnetic parameter, whereas the temperature profile has augmented with higher magnetic parameter. The couple stress and skin friction have been augmented with material parameter, whereas the skin friction has been reduced with thermal and mass Grashof numbers.
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