Para investigar a aceitação do consumidor perante o produto é recomendado a realização de análise sensorial. O objetivo da análise sensorial é mapear os níveis de aceitação, perfil e características dos consumidores. As características que influenciam na qualidade sensorial são: sabor, textura e aparência, logo, precisam ser monitorados por meios de estudos que permitem avaliar o comportamento alimentar do consumidor. Existem diferentes metodologias de avaliação sensorial que podem ser empregadas tais como: métodos discriminativos, métodos subjetivos e métodos descritivos. No entanto, essas metodologias clássicas apresentam limitações como por exemplo, o alto custo para manter uma equipe sensorial bem treinada e a quantidade de amostragem. Desta forma, propostas metodológicas para resolver essas limitações vem sendo desenvolvidas e uma delas é baseada em análise estatística. Com base nisso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo, aplicar um planejamento experimental fatorial (DCCR) como análise de dados para o estudo sensorial, no qual o produto testado é uma sobremesa láctea sabor chocolate branco. Foram realizadas análises de acidez e pH para correlacionar com os resultados do DCCR. Após o processamento dos dados, verificou-se que dentre as variáveis investigadas na análise sensorial, a idade dos provadores foi o fator que influenciou significativamente na intenção do consumidor. A acidez do produto não foi alterada durante o tempo de análise entre 0-60 dias, porém apresentou variação de pH, ambos não indicaram relação ao resultado do DCCR.
The electricity generation performance in a photovoltaic system can be improved by precise monitoring of electrical and meteorological parameters. Disruptions in electrical parameters are caused by unreliable climatic variables, degradation of the photovoltaic system, and errors. The main purpose of the present work is the development of a data acquisition and monitoring system for time series data storage for subsequent analyses of the solar photovoltaic mini-plant located at the Poços de Caldas campus of the Federal University of Alfenas. The developed system exhibits the collected parameters as well as the performance metrics calculated by numerical modeling. For this purpose, a data logger, web server, REST API and a responsive web application were created.
Resumo A indústria alimentícia busca cada vez mais a segurança dos alimentos e a melhoria da qualidade dos produtos de interesse, como a produção da cachaça artesanal. Pela definição, cachaça é a denominação típica e exclusiva da aguardente de cana-de-açúcar produzida no Brasil, com graduação alcoólica de 38% a 48% em volume, a 20 °C. Diante da importância desse produto para o mercado interno, um estudo referente a padronização e qualidade da bebida foi realizado. Foram coletadas seis amostras aleatórias de cachaças artesanais na região Sul de Minas Gerais para determinação da concentração de cobre por titulometria, nas quais os resultados variaram na faixa de 1,0 a 1,8 mg L-1 e uma amostra com 404,8 mg L-1, o que corresponde a 80 vezes acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira. Como garantia da qualidade, o método executado atendeu aos critérios de recuperação, coeficiente de variação e padrão de concentração conhecida, e caracterizou-se por uma técnica simples e de baixo custo, que pode ser realizada em alambiques. Adicionalmente aos ensaios de laboratório, apresenta-se brevemente as corretas técnicas de processo para os produtores e a necessidade crescente das instituições fiscalizadoras em criarem medidas para proteção ao consumidor.
This paper describes the development of a data logger used in a photovoltaic monitoring system, whose purpose is to store time series data for subsequent analyses. By accurately monitoring electrical and meteorological parameters after installation of a photovoltaic power plant, the electrical generation performance in photovoltaic systems can be optimized. Disturbances in electrical parameters are partly caused by inaccuracy in climate variables, but also by degradation and errors in the photovoltaic system. Storing large volumes of data over a long period of time is a widespread use of data loggers, and this helps in composing a database that can provide higher quality to the photovoltaic systems and their operational analysis. The data logger developed in this study used a single-board Raspberry Pi 3 Model B computer in conjunction with specific programs and protocols. The data logger’s main software was coded using Javascript high-level programming language added to a PostgreSQL database and ModbusTCP communication library.
The oxidative action of chemical substances present in dairy products may contribute to the darkening of the product. Product color is one of the first factors to be considered by the consumer for acceptance or rejection. In the food industry, the color parameter is measured using colorimeters and spectrophotometers; nevertheless, the use of digital images for colorimetric tests has been surveyed in the food area. Therefore, the present work aimed at investigating for 45 days the chemical, physicochemical and colorimetric alterations of creamy dairy dessert with white chocolate flavor and strawberry-flavored yogurt. These alterations were monitored by the analysis of the parameters pH, acidity, soluble solids content, in addition to spectroscopy in the middle-infrared region and digital images. The data collected were processed in a computational environment applying chemometric tools. As result, it was verified that there were alterations in the parameters evaluated; nonetheless, the acidity of the dairy dessert remained constant during the storage period. From the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using the color variables, it was observed that the samples were grouped and separated by type and storage time in agreement with the visually observed colorimetric modifications.
RESUMOQuando a própria pressão do poço não é suficiente para elevar seus fluidos de forma economicamente viável se faz necessário à utilização de algum método de elevação artificial. O bombeio mecânico com hastes é o método de elevação mais utilizado no mundo, por isso conhecer seu funcionamento e atribuir técnicas para aumentar sua eficiência são de extrema importância. Estima-se que 90% da elevação artificial no mundo utilize o sistema de bombeio mecânico. Embora este sistema seja considerado o mais antigo e o mais popular método de elevação artificial, ainda existem estudos sobre a quantidade de energia consumida e quantidade de óleo/gás produzido. Pesquisas têm mostrado, por exemplo, que as unidades de hastes de bombeio apresentam uma eficiência energética de apenas 50%. Uma vez que a maioria das instalações é acionada por um motor elétrico e ainda que o custo de energia elétrica esteja aumentado gradativamente, a eficiência energética tornou-se o elemento mais decisivo para as despesas operacionais em campos bombeados por este tipo de sistema. Este trabalho apresenta técnicas de otimização através da redução das perdas de energia no bombeio mecânico. Uma visão geral relativa à eficiência do sistema, a redução de custo de operação e as melhores praticas para maximizar a produção e consequentemente a eficiência serão apresentados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Sistema de Bombeio Mecânico, Eficiência Energética, Monitoramento. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEMS -SUCKER ROD PUMPING SYSTEM ABSTRACTWhen the inherent pressure is not enough to raise the fluids economically viable it is necessary to use some method of artificial lift. The mechanical pumping with rods is the most common lifting method in the world, knowledge of operation and techniques to increase efficiency is essential. It is estimated that 90% of artificial lift in the world are using the mechanical pumping system. Research has shown, for example, that the sucker rods drives usually have an efficiency of only 50%. Since most of the facilities are driven by an electric motor and the costs of electricity is continuously increasing, energy efficiency has become the most decisive element for operating expenses for this type of system. This paper presents optimization techniques by reducing energy losses in the mechanical pumping system. An overview of the system efficiency, a possible reduction of operational costs, best practices to maximize production, and new technologies for their effectiveness are presented.
This study proposes the use of mass balance and the method of McCabe-Thiele in absorption column for the removal of drying air humidity with ethylene glycol and energy balances in heat exchangers for the determination of the optimum operation conditions of a factory for the production of recycled polyester fibers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes. The evaluation of these machines involved the combination of variables such as temperature, flow rate, specific heat and operational efficiency to guarantee the correct adjustment of the physicochemical properties of the fluids and materials of the process. Highlighted in this study, the efficiency of the absorption column was determined at 25% and a diagram correlating ethylene glycol humidity, dew point of the drying air and efficiency of humidity removal from the PET flake dryer was constructed to define what is the most appropriate configuration for operation. By the graph curves, it was found that the humidity of ethylene glycol for absorption should be inferior to 1% (w/w) to guarantee a dew point < -27?C at 175?C of the drying air introduced in the dryer, that would finally promote a removal with efficiency superior to 91% of the PET flake humidity for values < 0.005% (w/w).
In order to extract the oil from reservoirs which have reached the end of the natural flow, the use of an artificial lift system is necessary. The mechanical pumping system accounts for about 90% of all artificial lift systems in the world. This kind of pump has a highly complex mechanical design and serves as a test for evaluating the developed mathematical model and the construction of special measuring equipments for future analysis systems. This work includes the construction and performance testing of an electronic force sensor installed at the Pitman (rod) and an acceleration sensor installed on the Walking Beam. The design and development of these sensors are discussed from the basic including the process of selection and configuration of strain gauges for the signal conditioning for use in harsh environments with interferences during an necessary continuous data transfer. After the acquisition of data in real time, an analysis of the mechanical pumping system using the developed mathematical model and the measured data is performed. The validation of this model is performed by comparison of force and position (angle) values of the measurement and the simulation. The entire system was implemented in software and hardware, and the results are evaluated in field tests in Gänserndorf, Austria.
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