Ozone was discovered over a hundred years ago and since then, it has been widely used in many areas, with the primary use as a disinfectant in various ways, but with applications in diverse conditions. More recently, the use of ozone has extended to other fronts, using it to treat different pathologies. Extensive studies have shown its effects, as well as the safety of its application in various modalities of use. Other studies showed its toxicity, which depends on the doses of use. Emerging evidence revealed that ozone also plays an important role in the wound healing and modulation of immune cells, describing the molecular pathways responsible for these actions and describing therapeutic actions in the treatment of wounds, pain, postoperative and infectious diseases. Ozone use has already been documented in different doses, forms of use and routes of application, depending on the clinical situation and an adaptation is necessary for a better result. Thus, this review summarizes the main clinical uses of ozone, presenting the molecular pathways responsible for its actions, as well as discussing the main routes of use, doses and, vehicles used in the clinic.
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-Leishmania activity of chalcone-rich three extracts (LDR, LHR and LMR) from Lonchocarpus cultratus (Vell.) A.M.G. Azevedo & H.C. Lima against L. amazonensis. Also, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant capacity was assessed.
Methods
Successive extraction with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol were performed to obtain LHR, LDR and LMR extracts from L. cultratus roots, which were characterized by 1H NMR. Promastigotes, amastigotes and peritoneal macrophages were exposed to crescent concentrations of the three extracts, and after incubation, the inhibition rates were determined to both types of cells, and morphological analyses were performed on the parasite. The immunomodulatory activity was determined against stimulated macrophages.
Key findings
LDR, LHR and LMR inhibited promastigote cell growth (IC50 0.62 ± 0.3, 0.94 ± 0.5 and 1.28 ± 0.73 µg/ml, respectively) and reduced the number of amastigotes inside macrophages (IC50 1.36 ± 0.14, 1.54 ± 0.26 and 4.09 ± 0.88 µg/ml, respectively). The cytotoxicity against murine macrophages resulted in a CC50 of 13.12 ± 1.92, 92.93 ± 9.1 and >300 µg/ml, resulting in high selectivity index to promastigotes and amastigotes. The extracts also inhibited the nitric oxide secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The antioxidant capacity resulted in a higher scavenger LMR ability.
Conclusions
These results suggest that L. cultratus extracts have anti-Leishmania potential, are non-toxic, and immunosuppress macrophages in vitro.
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