The objective of this work was to analyze the spatial variability of soil physical attributes in integrated production systems and its relationship with the growth and yield of a corn (Zea mays) crop intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha). The experiment was carried out in an integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system and in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) system, in a Plinthic Hapludox. The ICLF system was managed in alleys between eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) rows, spaced at 18, 30, and 42 m. Corn grain and forage yields were positively correlated with soil clay and moisture contents, whereas grain yield was negatively correlated with soil penetration resistance. The lowest corn plant heights and grain yields were observed near eucalyptus rows. The average values for soil penetration resistance were below 2.0 MPa. Spatial variability was verified for: corn plant height, grain yield, and agronomic efficiency; forage intercropping; and soil moisture and silt contents, as well as penetration resistance. Greater grain and biomass yields were obtained at a 42-m distance between tree rows. The obtained results are indicative that corn traits and soil physical attributes were only slightly associated. The spatial distribution of the eucalyptus rows influences the agronomic efficiency of the intercrop and soil moisture contents.
Crop-livestock-forest systems are a sustainable production alternative based on the integration of several components and configurations that increase the complexity of management and soil-plant relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of many agronomic characteristics of maize intercropped with grass (Urochloa brizantha 'Xaraés') in an integrated crop-livestock and crop-livestock-forest system. To assess the yield components of maize intercropped with grass, 120 plant samples were collected in a normal 30 x 30 m grid at 120 positions. The GeoR software was used to perform for geostatistical and Kriging analyses. There were found spatial dependencies in ear insertion height, number of kernels per row, number of kernel rows per ear, ear length, and ear diameter. In the crop-livestock-forest systems, we detected geographical variation in corn plant characteristics, although with a weak spatial relationship. The observed wavy pattern illustrates the sensitivity of corn characteristics to the presence of eucalyptus trees. To increase maize yield components in crop-livestock-forest systems in the southwestern region of the Amazon, 42-meter-wide tree strips are suggested
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