The moisture diffusivity and activation energy of three tilapia fish varieties were determined under convective drying process (CDP). A locally fabricated drying system was used for the experiment at 60, 90/60 and 90 o C drying air temperatures. The drying rate showed falling rate period for all the drying processes with no sign of constant rate period. The moisture diffusivity values which increased with the increase in drying air temperature varied from 7.821 x 10-11 to 4.591 x 10-10 m 2 /s. The predicted Arrhenius constant and activation energy were 2.221 x 10-10 m 2 /s and 23.79 kJ/mol respectively.
Summary
The thin‐layer drying process of N38 cocoa beans using open‐sun and a solar drying (SD) system with firebrick heat storage materials (FTSM) has been modeled. The 10 kg capacity force convective SD system was developed and used to carry out the experiments. The choice of the best model was based on a comparison of statistical indicators including determination coefficient (R2), reduced chi‐square (χ2), root mean square error (RMSE), sum of square error (SSE), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) after fitting the experimental results to 11 common thin layer models in the literature. The results revealed that under open‐sun drying and SD processes, the Midilli et al model provided the best drying characteristics of cocoa beans. Therefore, in the experimental context, this model can be assumed to reflect the solar/sun drying behavior of cocoa. The effective diffusivity values for the open‐sun and SD of cocoa with FTSMA and FTSMB were 4.25× 10−11, 6.64× 10−11, and 5. 95 × 10−11 m2/s respectively. The predicted pre‐exponential factor and activation energy were 5.81 × 10−11 m2/s and 22.79 kJ/mol respectively.
Azidation of plant seed oils was re-investigated using methods reported in the literature, to reexamine if triacylglycerol backbone, important for maintaining biodegradability in plant oil products is retained in the final azidated oil. Reaction of NaN 3 with epoxidized Adenopus breviflorus oil (EADBO) using NH 4 Cl as catalyst (Method A), gave acidolysis products and mixture of products containing triacylglycerol backbone. Reaction of EADBO with NaN 3 in water using an ionic liquid, 1-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Hmim]BF 4 −), as catalyst (Method B), generated a product containing only triacylglycerol backbone while product of reaction of EADBO with NaN 3 in DMF, using [Hmim]BF 4 − catalyst (Method C) gave highest yield but did not contain any triacylglycerol backbone. Thus, Method B was best for environmentally friendliness of its azidated product. Azido compounds generally prepared from petrochemicals may now be prepared from plant oil source using method B for preparation of biodegradable vicinal hydroxyl triglyceride which is very versatile in surfactant industries.
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