The findings demonstrate that laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in our experience was safe and resulted in shorter operative time, fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and less recurrence. Hence, it should be considered as the procedure of choice for ventral hernia repair.
Ultrasound is the most accurate and reliable method for the preoperative staging of gastric carcinomas, and it is mandatory if a tailored therapeutic approach is planned according to stage.
AAC can occur in young and middle-aged healthy individuals, the presentation is no different from acute calculous cholecystitis, the prognosis is good if diagnosed and treated early.
PC is effective and relatively safe in high-risk patients with AC. However, patients with higher ALP or AMI during index admission have higher risk of recurrence and might benefit from definitive cholecystectomy.
SILC has improved short-term pain outcomes compared to LC and is not inferior in both short-term and long-term pain outcomes. The operating time is longer, but remains feasible in routine surgical practice.
Background and Aims
Hypoxia is one of the central players in shaping the immune context of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the complex interplay between immune cell infiltrates within the hypoxic TME of HCC remains to be elucidated.
Approach and Results
We analyzed the immune landscapes of hypoxia‐low and hypoxia‐high tumor regions using cytometry by time of light, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptomic analyses. The mechanisms of immunosuppression in immune subsets of interest were further explored using in vitro hypoxia assays. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a number of immunosuppressive myeloid subsets, including M2 macrophages and human leukocyte antigen–DR isotype (HLA‐DRlo) type 2 conventional dendritic cell (cDC2), were found to be significantly enriched in hypoxia‐high tumor regions. On the other hand, the abundance of active granzyme Bhi PD‐1lo CD8+ T cells in hypoxia‐low tumor regions implied a relatively active immune landscape compared with hypoxia‐high regions. The up‐regulation of cancer‐associated genes in the tumor tissues and immunosuppressive genes in the tumor‐infiltrating leukocytes supported a highly pro‐tumorigenic network in hypoxic HCC. Chemokine genes such as CCL20 (C‐C motif chemokine ligand 20) and CXCL5 (C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 5) were associated with recruitment of both Tregs and HLA‐DRlo cDC2 to hypoxia‐high microenvironments. The interaction between Tregs and cDC2 under a hypoxic TME resulted in a loss of antigen‐presenting HLA‐DR on cDC2.
Conclusions
We uncovered the unique immunosuppressive landscapes and identified key immune subsets enriched in hypoxic HCC. In particular, we identified a potential Treg‐mediated immunosuppression through interaction with a cDC2 subset in HCC that could be exploited for immunotherapies.
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