This paper reports the development of a method for simultaneously determining five preservatives in cosmetics, cleaning agents and pharmaceuticals by fast liquid chromatography. Methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate and methylparaben were separated on a Chromolith Fast Gradient reversed-phase 18e column using gradient elution with acetonitrile and a 0.1% aqueous solution of formic acid, with a run time of 3 min. The preparation of solid and liquid samples included ultrasonic extraction with methanol with recoveries ranging from 69 to 119%. The developed method was used to analyze samples of cosmetics (66 samples), cleaning agents (five samples) and pharmaceutical industry products (17 samples).
Generation Z is gaining more and more importance in the market—not only is it attaining purchasing power, but it is also setting trends. This is the generation that spends a lot of time on various social media channels, and the content posted there is a source of information, inspiration and motivation for them. Its representatives are very skeptical about traditional marketing messages, so the best way to reach them is to use influencer marketing. They are also sensitive to environmental problems and ecology. For this reason, the purpose of this paper was to identify the possibility of using influencer marketing to promote green energy in the perspective of Generation Z in Poland. The CAWI method of research was carried out April–June 2022 on a sample of 533 people aged 18 to 26, selected using a quota method. The analysis used statistically significant structure indices (percentages) and measures of correlations between the variables. The results presented confirmed the enormous popularity of social media among the representatives of Generation Z, as well as the great involvement of young consumers in tracking the activity of influencers. More than half of the respondents indicated the usefulness of influencers promoting green energy, but at the same time the vast majority of them declared that the choice of green energy in their case was determined by the opinions of other people, and that the role of influencers was negligible.
Broadcasting in Grid Graphs Iwona WojciechowskaThis work consists of two separate parts. The first part deals with the problem of multiple message broadcasting, and the topic of the second part is line broadcasting. Broadcasting is a process in which one vertex in a graph knows one or more messages. The goal is to inform all remaining vertices as fast as possible. In this work we consider a special kind of graphs, grids.In 1980 A. M. Farley showed that the minimum time required to broadcast a set of M messages in any connected graph with diameter d is d + 2(M − 1). This work presents an approach to broadcasting multiple messages from the corner vertex of a 2-dimensional grid. This approach gives us a broadcasting scheme that differs only by 2 (and in the case of an even × even grid by only 1) from the above lower bound.Line broadcasting describes a different variant of the broadcasting process. A. M. Farley showed that line broadcasting can always be completed in log n time units in any connected graph on n vertices. He defined three different cost measures for line broadcasting. This work presents strategies for minimizing those costs for various grid sizes.
Działalność polskich uczelni w mediach społecznościowych stanowi stosunkowo nowy i jednocześnie bardzo dynamiczny obszar badawczy. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań własnych dotyczących obecności polskich uczelni w mediach społecznościowych (social media) oraz skali ich wykorzystania. W badaniach podjęto próbę całościowego spojrzenia na zjawisko, w związku z tym objęto nimi wszystkie funkcjonujące w Polsce szkoły wyższe. Były to pierwsze tego typu badania, które uwzględniały zarówno całą populację uczelni, jak i wszystkie kanały social media. Poszukiwano w nich odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: 1) W jakich mediach społecznościowych są obecne polskie uczelnie? 2) Które media społecznościowe są najpopularniejsze wśród uczelni? 3) Jaka jest skala wykorzystania serwisów społecznościowych przez uczelnie? 4) Czy istnieje znacząca różnica w korzystaniu z mediów społecznościowych przez uczelnie publiczne i niepubliczne? Analiza wyników pokazała, że zdecydowana większość uczelni stara się dostosować do nowych realiów i zauważa konieczność korzystania z mediów społecznościowych jako istotnego sposobu komunikacji z otoczeniem. Najpopularniejszym portalem wśród polskich uczelni jest Facebook, z którego korzystają wszystkie szkoły wyższe obecne w social mediach (353). Spora część uczelni (szczególnie publicznych) dywersyfikuje swoje działania i posiada więcej niż jeden profil w mediach społecznościowych. Oprócz Facebooka są to przede wszystkim: YouTube, Twitter, Google+, Instagram i LinkedIn. Najbardziej aktywne uczelnie prowadzą swoje działania nawet w ośmiu mediach społecznościowych, przy czym przeważają wśród nich uczelnie publiczne.
The political changes that took place in Poland at the turn of the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century influenced not only the transformation of the political and economic systems, but also the majority of areas of social life. In higher education, the changes were the most dynamic. The purpose of this article is to look at the circumstances of the emergence of the higher education market in Poland and to consider the consequences of the market approach to the educational activity of universities. The introduction of market mechanisms in Polish higher education and changes in the socioeconomic environment mean that universities that are not able to cope with competition and growing market requirements often face serious problems. Therefore, long-term strategic thinking and the use of tools to strengthen or at least maintain the current position of universities on the market is necessary.
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