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The oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane was investigated with oxidized and nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor at 375 ºC using a stoichiometric feed composition. The oxygen groups were selectively removed from the surface by thermal treatments performed on the oxidized samples, confirming the carbonyl-quinone groups as the active sites for the reaction, but also highlighting the negative role played by the carboxylic anhydride groups. Turnover frequencies could be calculated from correlations between the catalytic activity and the concentration of carbonyl-quinone groups. On the other hand, the results obtained with the nitrogendoped samples showed that the catalytic activity increased with the nitrogen content of the carbon xerogels.