As a continuation of last year's preliminary research which was presented at the 2nd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS) 2021 and has also been published in its international proceedings, this research focuses on a specific issue, reviewing the implementation of Global Crime Governance (GCG) in solving the problem of illegal trade in cultural property. This initial research can be seen as an initial effort that will later develop studies on the illegal trade in cultural objects in the context of universal management within the area of global security studies. This work is based on data from the United Nations, UNESCO, UNODC, and INTERPOL revealing that there has still been global trade in cultural objects. Even though there are regulations regarding protection, prevention, and countermeasures of the illegal trade in cultural property; these efforts are still not commensurate with the losses suffered by the international community. The illegal trade in cultural property is a form of Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) that requires serious handling from all parties. By leveraging GCG provided by Jakobi (2020) as the main analytical framework, this study is a generally descriptive case study design whose data was obtained from various sources on the internet as well as various pages that contain information regarding the illicit trade in cultural objects and also efforts to overcome them by looking at the process/mechanism, actors, rules, values, institutions, cooperation, and also norms. This research shows that UNESCO has been central institution to govern international cultural order, but it is necessary to strengthen the agreements in establishing regulations related to the prevention and control of illicit trade in cultural property. In globally tackling this complex issue to effectively enforce the laws, institutions or entities or agents should avoid working in silo since every state and region has also specific regulations.
From the beginning of 2020, the emergence and spread of Covid-19 has very astonishing implications for almost the entire world population. During increasingly complicated global conditions, there is a tremendous need to respond. However, it turned out that there were acts of abuse of authority by government officials. Using a research strategy through archive studies, mainly numerous news from the internet, the data were analyzed with content analysis. This qualitative-descriptive research examines forms of political corruption and patterns of White-Collar Crime (WCC) related to handling the Covid-19 pandemic carried out by government officials in several countries in the world, including Indonesia. This study finds two forms of political corruption, namely those committed by government employees and corporations. This study also shows that the educational backgrounds of the perpetrators are relatively good, and the actors take advantage of high-end networks in carrying out their actions. The impact of the crime in the context of handling the pandemic in several countries is threatening people's lives in the broadest spectrum.
This article aims to analyze the response of Indonesia in an effort to counterbalance the development of military power in Southeast Asia during the 1998-2010 periods. This response is placed on the dimensions of the development policy of Indonesia's defense posture. The author uses a case study design. Through analysis of various documents, books, journals, and other sources as well as interviews with several experts in the field of defense and military, the author argues that Indonesia's defense posture development policy (land, sea, and air) in response to the military development in the countries of the Southeast Asia region during 1998-2010 period was intended to achieve more deterrent power than building an offensive force. The policy was made in light of the perception that the countries in Southeast Asia had the potential to threaten the security and sovereignty of Indonesia. Meanwhile, Indonesia's ability to build up military strength in the upper levels was very limited deterrent. Limited sources of funding and political support as well as weaknesses in analyzing the strategic environment of the region led to the development of the policy could not achieve the level of deterrent and also have not gotten to the point'strategic stability'. Indonesia was plagued by the problems of arms embargo by foreign countries and still has problems in the institutionalization of research and development.
Artikel ini menjelaskan ‘kejahatan terorganisir transnasional’ (Transnational Organised Crime, TOC) di Eropa setelah keluarnya Inggris dari keanggotaan di Uni Eropa (UE) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah “British Exit” (Brexit). Memfokuskan sorotan dari tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2022, elaborasi dibatasi pada penelusuran terkait definisi, kebijakan, dan bentuk-bentuk TOC. Menyajikan telaah secara deskriptif-kualitatif, penulis menggunakan data sekunder berupa pelbagai dokumen yang kredibel yang utamanya diterbitkan oleh UE, EUROPOL (khususnya dokumen European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment atau SOCTA) tahun 2017 dan 2021, serta data dari UNODC. Argumen yang penulis kemukakan didasarkan pada pemikiran Zabyelina dan Đorđević, yakni asumsi mereka di dalam perspektif liberal institutionalist. Selain itu, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto (UNCTOC) membantu penulis dalam menjelaskan kerja sama yang dilakukan oleh UE dengan mitra lainnya guna memerangi ancaman TOC. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa definisi UNCTOC masih diadopsi oleh Eropa. Pergeseran kebijakan terjadi pada penyesuaian aturan hukum, khususnya antara Inggris dan UE, sebagai konsekuensi dari ”Brexit.”
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