The dependence of mankind on energy resources only increases with the development of scientific and technological progress. It is clear that the supply of natural energy resources will run out soon. The solution is using new energy generation technologies based on renewable and secondary sources. Due to the presence in Ukraine of operating combined heat and power plants, there is the possibility of producing thermal energy using the secondary heat by absorption heat pumps. At the same time, the thermal energy of flue gases and steam from steam turbines does not heat the atmosphere, but are involved in the generation of thermal energy for heating networks of settlements. Due to the ability of the absorbent solution to absorb and condense water vapor under the influence of low-potential and high-potential heat carriers, it is possible to significantly reduce the consumption of traditional energy resources and increase the overall efficiency of the combined heat and power plants. World experience shows that the use of secondary energy resources can significantly improve the country's energy balance. And the main problem is the availability of these resources. In today's changing climate, the use of renewable energy sources requires additional expences and it is appropriate to pay attention to use of present secondary energy resources, which are not used now. There are a lot of such resources available in heat generating facilities. This is especially noticeable in large cities with central heating networks. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of their work makes it possible to significantly improve the energy balance of the whole country and reduce tariffs for thermal energy for industry and individual consumers, which, in turn, will improve the living standards of citizens.
A method has been developed for a comprehensive multi-criteria assessment of the efficiency of using inverter power plants as part of multifunctional energy-technological complexes with technical solutions aimed at reducing the negative consequences of the internal combustion engine operation with an optimal from the point of view of fuel efficiency speed. The method includes: synthesis of the optimal engine speed control algorithm, determination of the complex operating modes under operating conditions, assessment of changes in fuel consumption and harmful substances emissions with exhaust gases and resource consumption rate when the engine is switched to the operating mode with the optimal speed, complex technical and economic assessment of the inverter power plants efficiency. On the example of an inverter power plant with a capacity of 100 kW, the need to apply the method is proved. It was found that the engine operation with the optimal from the point of view of fuel efficiency speed and without additional design measures entails an increase in the damage accumulation rate by 1.7-2.1 times and therefore is economically inexpedient, despite a decrease in fuel consumption by 1% or more. It was found that a decrease in the compression ratio with a simultaneous increase in the boost pressure makes it possible to increase the engine resource up to a functional failure due to damage accumulation by 43% and to a parametric failure due to wear by 32%, while the operating costs of the inverter power plant will decrease by 3.7% relative to the base (no changes) power plants. The emission of soot particles will decrease by about 2 times, nitrogen oxides - by 2%, hydrocarbons - almost to zero.
The layout of a modular type of power plants is proposed.The principal cause of the slow development of smallscale power generation in remote regions of the Russian Federation is the fact that technical solutions entrenched in the design of power plants operating on internal combustion engines (ICE), which are the basic source of power supplied to these regions, have exhausted their potential for continued improvement in energy effectiveness.It is submitted that the situation can be radically changed by use of a multifunctional power-generating system (MPGS) based on hybrid modular power plants (Fig. 1). The indicated system can be the basic autonomous energy supply for consumers, above all, in regions of the North, Siberia, and the Far East. This is confirmed by results of theoretical and experimental investigations of MPGS processes conducted under field (Vorkuta -"Zapolyarnaya" wind-driven power plant) and factory conditions (bench tests).The design layout of the MPGS makes it possible to provide for increased energy efficiency of autonomous powersupply systems (APSS) by:-improving the parameters of the components (modules) of the system; -optimizing the operating modes of the system and its components;-developing and implementing new energy sources, including renewable energy sources (RES); and, -converting to the new design layout for APSS. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the power-generating process of the MPGS have demonstrated its technico-economic effectiveness and advantages over power plants driven by ICE:-a 10 -20 % fuel saving by optimizing the operating modes of the ICE alone, and a 20 -30 % saving by use of wind-driven power plants (WDPP); -short life expectancies (3 -5 years, depending on the region); -multiple functionability (production of motor fuels, and electric and thermal energy); -ability to function on multiple fuels (diesel fuel, crude oil, gas condensate, natural gas, coal, peat, wood-processing wastes, generator gas, hydrogen, etc.); -standard sizes and structural unification; -transportability (dictated by the modular layout of MPGS); an increase in fuel utilization factor from 0.4 -0.45 to 0.8 -0.85 by complex utilization of the heat given off by the ICE; -adaptability to climatic (zonal) conditions; -compatibility between characteristics of the power modules (an increase of 10 -20 % in the efficiency of the ICE in the partial-load mode);
A brief description of the State Electrification Plan of Russia (GOELRO plan), developed on the initiative of V.I. Lenin by the GOELRO commission headed by G.M. Krzhizhanovsky and adopted on December 22, 1920 by the 8th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, as well as key directions of a long-term plan for research on the problem of the creation of the Unified Power System of the Country (UPS), developed by the commission under the leadership of G.M. Krzhizhanovsky in 1957, which laid the foundation for the formation of the UPS - the largest in the world at the end of the 80s centrally managed interconnected power system, is presented. The indicators of development and efficiency of the country's electric power industry are given. The essential part of the reforms in the electric power industry of Russia carried out at the beginning of the 21st century, their shortcomings that led to a decrease in the efficiency of the industry and the emergence of various kinds of bottlenecks and imbalances are analyzed. The processes of transformation of energy systems in the world are considered, as a result of which a new architecture of energy systems is created. The primary tasks facing the Russian power industry in these conditions are formulated.
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