U radu se istražuje uloga Nacionalnog parka "Mljet" i razvoja turizma na populacijske, gospodarske i promjene okoliša cijelog otoka radi procjene njihova utjecaja na održivi razvoj. Na temelju analize statističkih podataka, terenskog istraživanja te intervjua s lokalnim stanovništvom i predstavnicima važnijih institucija odabrani su indikatori kojima su utvrđeni glavni procesi na Mljetu i ocijenjen stupanj populacijske i gospodarske održivosti te održivosti okoliša. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je NP "Mljet" potaknuo razvoj turizma i socioekonomsko prestrukturiranje stanovništva Mljeta te doveo do koncentracije gospodarskih djelatnosti na području Parka. Naglasak na turizmu, a posebno na ljetnome odmorišnom turizmu, imao je za posljedicu zanemarivanje ostalih gospodarskih djelatnosti i unatoč pozitivnom djelovanju na usporavanje depopulacije rezultirao je povećanjem razlika između depopulacijskih unutrašnjih naselja sa slabo razvijenim turizmom, izrazito progresivnih obalnih naselja s razvijenim turizmom, ugroženih degradacijom okoliša zbog prekomjerne izgradnje, te demografski stabilnijih naselja unutar NP-a "Mljet" izuzetno ovisnih o turizmu. Ključne riječi: zaštićena područja, održivi razvoj, turizam, demografske promjene, Mljet Protected Areas as a Factor in Sustainable Development of the Croatian Islands-the Example of Mljet Island The study analyses the role of the Mljet National Park and tourism under the demographic, economic and environmental changes on Mljet Island in order to estimate their implications for sustainable development. Key indicators have been determined according to statistical data, a field survey and interviews with local inhabitants and representatives of important institutions. Crucial processes have been identified on that basis and the level of the social, economic and environmental sustainability has been evaluated. The research pointed out that the founding of the Mljet National Park encouraged the development of tourism and the socioeconomic transformation of the island's population and resulted in the tertiary activities grouped within the Park. Emphasis on the tourism development with the focus on summer vacation tourism has resulted in setting aside non-tourism activities and, despite the positive effects in reducing total depopulation, it has amplified the discrepancy between the depopulating settlements in the island interior with insufficient tourism development, the extremely progressive coastal settlements with developed tourism, endangered by the rapid degradation of the environment caused by excessive construction work, and the demographically more stable settlements within the National Park, exceptionally dependent on tourism.
SAŽETAK: U radu se istražuje razvojni ciklus otoka Mljeta prema modifi ciranom Butlerovom (1980) modelu na temelju kriterija Lundtorpa i Wanhilla (2001) primijenjenih na broj turističkih noćenja. To predstavlja primjer razvojnog ciklusa deformiranog pod utjecajem rata, zbog čega se razvoj turizma istražuje u dva zasebna razvojna ciklusa međusobno odvojena Domovinskim ratom: (1) razvojni ciklus u socijalističkom razdoblju (1946.-1991.) i (2) razvojni ciklus nakon Domovinskog rata (1993.-danas). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da bez adekvatnog upravljanja turizmom i unaprjeđenja turističkog proizvoda poslijeratni oporavak turizma ne doseže automatski prethodnu razinu posjećenosti te da se već unutar nekoliko godina može pojaviti prijetnja ponovnog opadanja. Iako dio otoka ima status nacionalnog parka, razvojni ciklus pokazuje uobičajeni tijek i obilježja kao u drugim primorskim destinacijama. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: razvojni ciklus turističkih područja, postsocijalistički razvoj turizma,
This chapter investigates the role of Environmental Citizenship within the twenty-first-century societal issues of human activities – urban development, transport systems, tourism, and cultural heritage. The first part of the chapter analyses the relationship between Environmental Citizenship, urban development, and cultural landscapes. Cities are home to the majority of the world’s population and are responsible for most of the resource consumption and waste production, which places them in the focus of Environmental Citizenship discourses. The issues of urbanisation and Environmental Citizenship are followed by issues of sustainable transport that, among others, have a goal of reducing transport disadvantage of marginalized social groups. Cultural heritage is identified as a new fourth pillar of sustainable development (along with environment, economy and society), and its role in Environmental Citizenship is explored. Sustainable tourism is reviewed using new approaches that have adopted elements of Environmental Citizenship and were introduced as a reaction to unsustainable mass tourism. Finally, the chapter presents certain practices of Environmental Citizenship within the investigated fields of expertise that could be promoted and implemented elsewhere.
Protected areas play a key role in nature conservation but are also crucial for tourism. There are international recommendations in nature conservation (IUCN), and several international conservation conventions exist. Nevertheless, the protection categories are different in each country, and the proportion of protected areas also varies. Here we compare the nature conservation systems of some countries (Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Serbia and Croatia) taking into consideration their nature protection laws. The selection of countries is based on an international project dealing with “Karst and National Parks”. For the comparison, national data sources and an international database (WDPA) are used. Our results show that the protection categories of the studied countries are largely similar, but there are unique characteristics as well (such as “forest park”, “monument of park architecture” in Croatia; “nature conservation area” in Hungary or “protected landscape element” in Slovakia, etc.). On the other hand, the internal proportions of protection categories are more heterogeneous, like, for example, the proportion of national parks within all protected areas which is 57.0 percent in Hungary but 11 percent in Croatia. International protection categories (Natura 2000, Ramsar, UNESCO World Heritage natural sites, UNESCO MAB reserves) are more or less similarly present in the countries studied (except Serbia, where there are no Natura 2000 areas yet). If national categories and Natura 2000 sites are all taken into consideration (and the overlapping areas are counted only once), then Croatia has the highest proportion of protected areas (39.1%), Slovakia is in second place with 37.5 percent, while Romania (23.5%) and Hungary (22.0%) show a similar proportion, and with the lack of Natura 2000, Serbia has 9.1 percent at present. As for the reliability of the WDPA, we found that this varies from country to country, with significant deficiencies for certain countries (e.g. Serbia) and very good reliability for others (e.g. Hungary, Slovakia). However, the availability of WDPA is in many cases better than that of national data, and since it also provides GIS data, it can be considered a useful tool for examining international trends and mapping protected areas.
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