Today, there are many manufacturers of triple-prism, spherical reflectors with different mechanical characteristics. That is why there is a problem of matching the signal reflection center with the geometric one. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the methods of determining permanent corrections of electronic tacheometers, ball reflectors and to develop recommendations for their use. Method. To determine the instrument correction, a displacement interferometer is used. It contains a two-frequency He-Ne laser with a wavelength of l = 0.63 μm (red range). The study compared the results of length measurements by an interferometer and an electronic total station with a ball reflector. This allowed determining the instrument correction. The research defined the constant correction of reflectors and total stations on the phase section of the field base using the method of created linear observations. Results. Experimental studies of ball reflectors of various manufacturers and Leica electronic tacheometers were conducted. The determination of constant instrument corrections of the total station and reflector using the displacement interferometer can be performed with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. This significantly depends on the accuracy of measuring lines with the total station. The use of ball reflectors with a built-in triple prism allows significant increase of distance measurement accuracy by reducing centering errors, considering the constant instrument correction (up to 0.4 mm for Leica 1201 total stations). Scientific novelty. The methods of determining permanent corrections of ball reflectors and total stations were investigated. The proposed method determines the measurement interval length with the exception of systematic constant correction of the electronic total station and reflector. Practical relevance. The use of ball reflectors is recommended for quick and unambiguous installation at points, convenience of their use for monitoring observations, as well as for increasing the accuracy of linear measurements due to the reduction of centering errors. In order to achieve high-precision measurements of short lines, it is recommended, according to the performed studies, to carefully determine the constant correction of the total station and ball prisms. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of line measurements at least three times compared to the declared accuracy of the total station manufacturer.
The basic goal of this study (as the first step) is to collect the appropriate set of the fundamental astronomic-geodetics parameters for their further use to obtain the components of the density distributions for the terrestrial and outer planets of the Solar system (in the time interval of more than 10 years). The initial data were adopted from several steps of the general way of the exploration of the Solar system by iterations through different spacecraft. The mechanical and geometrical parameters of the planets allow finding the solution of the inverse gravitational problem (as the second stage) in the case of the continued Gaussian density distribution for the Moon, terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). This law of Gaussian density distribution or normal density was chosen as a partial solution of the Adams-Williamson equation and the best approximation of the piecewise radial profile of the Earth, including the PREM model based on independent seismic velocities. Such conclusion already obtained for the Earth’s was used as hypothetic in view of the approximation problem for other planets of the Solar system where we believing to get the density from the inverse gravitational problem in the case of the Gaussian density distribution for other planets because seismic information, in that case, is almost absent. Therefore, if we can find a stable solution for the inverse gravitational problem and corresponding continue Gaussian density distribution approximated with good quality of planet’s density distribution we come in this way to a stable determination of the gravitational potential energy of the terrestrial and giant planets. Moreover to the planet’s normal low, the gravitational potential energy, Dirichlet’s integral, and other planets’ parameters were derived. It should be noted that this study is considered time-independent to avoid possible time changes in the gravitational fields of the planets.
The interrelations between the air temperature and humidity, the amount of precipitation and the water level fluctuations have been investigated based on longterm observations at the permanent water gauge of Lake Svitiaz. The average values of the correlation coefficients between the meteorological factors and the water level for the period of 1985-2019 are calculated.
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