The purpose of this review is to survey, categorize, and compare the mechanical and thermal characteristics of fibers in order to assist designers with the selection of fibers for inclusion as reinforcing materials in the additive manufacturing process. The vast “family of fibers” is described with a Venn diagram to highlight natural, synthetic, organic, ceramic, and mineral categories. This review explores the history and practical uses of particular fiber types and explains fiber production methods in general terms. The focus is on short-cut fibers including staple fibers, chopped strands, and whiskers added to polymeric matrix resins to influence the bulk properties of the resulting printed materials. This review discusses common measurements for specific strength and tenacity in the textile and construction industries, including denier and tex, and discusses the proposed “yuri” measurement unit. Individual fibers are selected from subcategories and compared in terms of their mechanical and thermal properties, i.e., density, tensile strength, tensile stiffness, flexural rigidity, moisture regain, decomposition temperature, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. This review concludes with an example of the successful 3D printing of a large boat at the University of Maine and describes considerations for the selection of specific individual fibers used in the additive manufacturing process.
Continual research, development, and advancement in air filtration technology is important to abate the ever increasing health hazards of air pollution and global pandemics. The purpose of this review is to survey, categorize, and compare mechanical and thermal characteristics of fibers to assess their potential applicability in air filter media. The history of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter development explains how we arrived at the current state of the art nonwoven fibrous borosilicate glass filter paper. This review explores the history and practical uses of particular fiber types and explains fiber production methods in general terms. The thermal and mechanical properties of particular fibers are examined using the codes and standards produced by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to generalize the applicability of fiber categories for HEPA filter units within the nuclear air cleaning industry. This review discusses common measurements for specific strength and tenacity used by the textile and construction industries. Particular fibers are selectively compared for density, tensile strength, tensile stiffness, flexural rigidity, moisture regain, decomposition temperature, and thermal expansion. This review concludes with a subjective assessment of which types of fibers may be appropriate to study for HEPA filtration.
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