Macrophages are recognized cellular compartments involved in HIV infection; however, the extent to which precursor monocytes are infected in vivo and its significance remains poorly understood. Our aim was to analyze the contribution of monocytes to HIV infection in vivo. PCR assays did not detect HIV-1 proviral DNA in monocytes of HAART-suppressed patients. Monocyte-derived macrophages from individuals under suppressive HAART did not show evidence of harboring HIV, thereby, minimizing the possibility of infection by the integration of sequestered virus after differentiation. These results suggest that the infection of permissive monocytes is directly related to the success of HAART (p<0.001). HIV-1 env was characterized from patients under sub-optimal HAART and hence, with infected monocytes. Sequence analyses showed a consistent relationship between monocytes and plasma virus. Altogether, we found that in suppressive HAART, neither monocytes nor Monocyte-derived macrophages-harbored HIV.

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SummaryBackground: according to several authors, domestic pigs come from different wild boar populations with varied geographic distribution and are grouped in the genus Sus. Pig domestication occurred gradually. The first animals were small and gathered in small numbers. Several civilizations domesticated this animal as an important source of protein. Tierralta, in Córdoba province, has a large population of domestic pigs, which are a mixture of creole and other breeds. The genetic characterization of populations is used to check the status of genetic diversity, a conclusive element in determining breeding strategies and genetic conservation programs. PCR is the most commonly used technique for studying highly polymorphic markers, such as microsatellites or SSRs. The use of microsatellites is a powerful tool in genetic studies. They have been used for characterization studies of genetic diversity, genetic relationships between populations, paternity testing, inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of domestic pigs in Tierralta (Córdoba, Colombia) using 20 microsatellites. Methods: fifty four samples were studied. Twenty microsatellites recommended by the FAO/ISAG for swine biodiversity studies were used. Results: all the microsatellites were polymorphic, and were detected between 3 (SW911) and 14 (TNFB) alleles (the average number was 6.9 alleles) and a total of 138 alleles were detected. Average expected heterozygosity was 0.5259 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.5120. PIC values ranged from 0.3212 to 0.7980 for loci SW2410 and IFNG, respectively. Conclusions: the results suggest that the analyzed population represents a group with high genetic diversity.

El gran interés de conocer los mutágenos que se toman en las aguas de consumo radica en la posible asociación entre la exposición por largo tiempo a mutágenos contenidos en el agua y el aumento del cáncer en la población consumidora de esas aguas. Es muy posible que gran parte de nuestras aguas de consumo contengan mutágenos o carcinógenos, ya que existen numerosos conductos que contribuyen a que las aguas se carguen con estos compuestos.En este artículo se consideran las distintas vías que contribuyen a contaminar y acumular mutacarcinógenos en las aguas de consumo. Se enfatiza sobre lo lixiviados con pesticidas, residuos industriales, aguas negras y cloración como las causas más relevantes de la presencia de mutágenos en el agua. Además, se revisa el efecto nocivo de los mutágenos formados en aguas cloradas en relación con su genotoxicidad, inducción de cáncer y evidencias epidemiológicas de potenciación del riesgo de cáncer en las poblaciones consumidoras de aguas cloradas.En numerosos estudios epiemiológicos se ha encontrado que los cánceres localizados en los tractos gastrointestinal y urinario son los más frecuentemente asociados con el consumo de agua clorada. Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que el agua clorada es la responsable de hasta el 18% de los cánceres de recto y el 9% de los de vejiga, lo que equivale a 8.000 casos de cáncer de recto y 5.000 de cáncer de vejiga por año en Estados Unidos.A pesar de estas evidencias, es improbable que el consumo de mutágenos en aguas cloradas y contaminadas sea el único responsable del cáncer en humanos. Debe tenerse en cuenta que existen múltiples factores causantes del cáncer, y por tanto la exposición a mutágenos que se toman en el agua puede ser apenas uno de estos factores.

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