Neural-Network Quantum States have recently been introduced as an Ansatz for describing the wave function of quantum many-body systems. We show that there are strong connections between Neural-Network Quantum States in the form of Restricted Boltzmann Machines and some classes of Tensor-Network states in arbitrary dimensions. In particular we demonstrate that short-range Restricted Boltzmann Machines are Entangled Plaquette States, while fully connected Restricted Boltzmann Machines are String-Bond States with a nonlocal geometry and low bond dimension. These results shed light on the underlying architecture of Restricted Boltzmann Machines and their efficiency at representing many-body quantum states. String-Bond States also provide a generic way of enhancing the power of Neural-Network Quantum States and a natural generalization to systems with larger local Hilbert space. We compare the advantages and drawbacks of these different classes of states and present a method to combine them together. This allows us to benefit from both the entanglement structure of Tensor Networks and the efficiency of Neural-Network Quantum States into a single Ansatz capable of targeting the wave function of strongly correlated systems. While it remains a challenge to describe states with chiral topological order using traditional Tensor Networks, we show that, because of their nonlocal geometry, Neural-Network Quantum States and their String-Bond States extension can describe a lattice Fractional Quantum Hall state exactly. In addition, we provide numerical evidence that Neural-Network Quantum States can approximate a chiral spin liquid with better accuracy than Entangled Plaquette States and local String-Bond States. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of neural networks to describe complex quantum wave functions and pave the way towards the use of String-Bond States as a tool in more traditional machine-learning applications.

We introduce a family of strongly-correlated spin wave functions on arbitrary spin-1 2 and spin-1 lattices in one and two dimensions. These states are lattice analogues of Moore-Read states of particles at filling fraction q 1 , which are non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall states in 2D. One parameter enables us to perform an interpolation between the continuum limit, where the states become continuum Moore-Read states of bosons (odd q) and fermions (even q), and the lattice limit. We show numerical evidence that the topological entanglement entropy stays the same along the interpolation for some of the states we introduce in 2D, which suggests that the topological properties of the lattice states are the same as in the continuum, while the 1D states are critical states. We then derive exact parent Hamiltonians for these states on lattices of arbitrary size. By deforming these parent Hamiltonians, we construct local Hamiltonians that stabilize some of the states we introduce in 1D and in 2D.

We introduce NetKet, a comprehensive open source framework for the study of many-body quantum systems using machine learning techniques. The framework is built around a general and flexible implementation of neural-network quantum states, which are used as a variational ansatz for quantum wavefunctions. NetKet provides algorithms for several key tasks in quantum many-body physics and quantum technology, namely quantum state tomography, supervised learning from wavefunction data, and ground state searches for a wide range of customizable lattice models. Our aim is to provide a common platform for open research and to stimulate the collaborative development of computational methods at the interface of machine learning and many-body physics. I. MOTIVATION AND SIGNIFICANCERecent years have seen a tremendous activity around the development of physics-oriented numerical techniques based on machine learning (ML) tools [1]. In the context of many-body quantum physics, one of the main goals of these approaches is to tackle complex quantum problems using compact representations of many-body states based on artificial neural networks. These representations, dubbed neural-network quantum states (NQS) [2], can be used for several applications. In the supervised learning setting, they can be used, e.g., to learn existing quantum states for which a non-NQS representation is available [3]. In the unsupervised setting, they can be used to reconstruct complex quantum states from experimental measurements, a task known as quantum state tomography [4]. Finally, in the context of purely variational applications, NQS can be used to find approximate ground-and excited-state solutions of the Schrödinger equation [2, 5-9], as well as to describe unitary [2, 10, 11] and dissipative [12-15] many-body dynamics. Despite the increasing methodological and theoretical interest in NQS and their applications, a set of comprehensive, easyto-use tools for research applications is still lacking. This is particularly pressing as the complexity of NQS-related approaches and algorithms is expected to grow rapidly given these first successes, steepening the learning curve.The goal of NetKet is to provide a set of primitives and flexible tools to ease the development of cuttingedge ML applications for quantum many-body physics. NetKet also wants to help bridge the gap between the latest and technically demanding developments in the field and those scholars and students who approach the subject for the first time. Pedagogical tutorials are provided to this aim. Serving as a common platform for future research, the NetKet project is meant to stimulate the open and easy-to-certify development of new methods and to provide a common set of tools to reproduce published results.A central philosophy of the NetKet framework is to provide tools that are as simple as possible to use for the end user. Given the huge popularity of the Python programming language and of the many accompanying tools gravitating around the Python ecosystem, we have built NetKet as a full...

Tensor networks have found a wide use in a variety of applications in physics and computer science, recently leading to both theoretical insights as well as practical algorithms in machine learning. In this work we explore the connection between tensor networks and probabilistic graphical models, and show that it motivates the definition of generalized tensor networks where information from a tensor can be copied and reused in other parts of the network. We discuss the relationship between generalized tensor network architectures used in quantum physics, such as string-bond states, and architectures commonly used in machine learning. We provide an algorithm to train these networks in a supervised-learning context and show that they overcome the limitations of regular tensor networks in higher dimensions, while keeping the computation efficient. A method to combine neural networks and tensor networks as part of a common deep learning architecture is also introduced. We benchmark our algorithm for several generalized tensor network architectures on the task of classifying images and sounds, and show that they outperform previously introduced tensor-network algorithms. The models we consider also have a natural implementation on a quantum computer and may guide the development of near-term quantum machine learning architectures.