Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.) is rich in bioactive molecules as phenolics, which can act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, among others; however, due to its high perishability, most of this fruit is wasted. Freezing and sun drying have been the most adopted techniques to avoid its postharvest deterioration. Nevertheless, both processes have presented some drawbacks as high storage costs and losses of bioactive molecules. Therefore, to preserve these molecules, this study compared the impact of convective airflow drying (CAD), freezing (FR), freeze drying (FD), and swell drying (SD). Total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), kuromanin concentration (KC), and antioxidant activity (antiradical activity (ARA) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC)) of chokecherries were measured. “Swell drying” is a drying process coupling convective airflow drying to the Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) expansion. A central composite rotatable design was applied to optimize the DIC variables and responses. Results showed that both freezing and swell drying effectively preserve the TPC, TFC, KC, and ARA. Moreover, SD samples also presented the highest TEAC. Contrary, in the case of CAD, it caused the highest losses of both antioxidant content and activity. Swell drying remedies the shrinkage and collapsing of dried food structure, which results in a better antioxidants extraction.
The Leucaena leucocephala seeds (LLS) cotyledon proteins, globulins, and glutelins were independently hydrolyzed by Alcalase, Trypsin, and α-Chymotrypsin up to 180 min. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory, and α-Amylase inhibition were assessed. The higher DH values were 76.75% and 82.71% for globulin α-Chymotrypsin, and glutelin Alcalase hydrolysates, respectively. The glutelin hydrolyzed with Trypsin showed the higher DPPH • antioxidant activity while the higher ABTS antioxidant activity was for globulin Alcalase hydrolysate after 180 min digestion. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was 95.44% for globulin-Alcalase hydrolysate at 180 min; while, for the α-Amylase inhibition assay, glutelin-Alcalase showed the highest values at 100 min of reaction. LLS cotyledon protein concentrates and hydrolysates with relatively low mimosine content were obtained after protein extraction. Such findings indicate the possibility of getting bioactive peptides from LLS cotyledon proteins using enzyme digestions and might be utilized for functional foods with physiological enhancer effects. RESUMENEl concentrado proteico y las fracciones de globulinas y glutelinas del cotiledón de semillas de Leucaena leucocephala (LLS) fueron hidrolizados con Alcalasa, Tripsina y α-quimotripsina hasta 180 min. El grado de hidrólisis (DH), actividades antioxidante e inhibitoria de las enzimas convertidora de angiotensina (ACE-I) y α-amilasa fueron medidas. Los grados de hidrólisis más altos fueron 76.75% y 82.71% para los hidrolizados de globulina-α quimotripsina y glutelina-Alcalasa, respectivamente. El hidrolizado de glutelina con Tripsina mostró la mayor actividad antioxidante con DPPH, mientras que el hidrolizado de globulina con alcalasa fue el más alto a los 180 min en el método ABTS. La mayor actividad de ACE-I (95.44%) se observó en el hidrolizado de globulinas-Alcalasa. Por el contrario, el hidrolizado de glutelinas-Alcalasa a los 100 min mostró la mayor actividad. Se obtuvieron concentrados proteicos e hidrolizados con un contenido de mimosina relativamente bajo. Estos resultados indican la posibilidad de obtener péptidos bioactivos a partir del cotiledón de LLS usando digestión enzimática los cuales podrían utilizarse en alimentos funcionales con efectos fisiológicos.
T he demand for nixtamalized products has broadened the industrialization of maize. The nejayote is a product of the alkaline cooking of grain, and unfortunately contributes to environmental deterioration after being dumped into the public sewer system. There is evidence that adequate treatment of this byproduct not only reduces pollution, but it is also a source of compounds with high added value with potential for technological applications. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the main methodologies and technological developments which have been implemented to explore the physicochemical properties of nejayote and to assign a treatment or an application to it. With the work performed it was possible to detect that the recovery of materials with high added value (polyphenols, carbohydrates, sugars, gums and calcium components) can be used in various areas such as the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological sectors. In addition, it was identified that the obtaining of these components can be carried out through the coupling of various bioprocesses (fermentation, filtration, centrifugation and decantation).Resumen L a demanda de productos nixtamalizados ha incrementado la industrialización del maíz. El nejayote surge de la cocción alcalina del grano, y desafortunadamente contribuye en el deterioro ambiental tras ser vertido al alcantarillado público. Existe evidencia de que el tratamiento adecuado de este subproducto no sólo disminuye la contaminación, también es fuente de compuestos de valor agregado alto con potencial para aplicaciones tecnológicas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue proveer un panorama sobre las principales metodologías y desarrollos tecnológicos que se han implementado para explorar las propiedades físico-químicas del nejayote y proveerle un tratamiento o aplicación. Con el trabajo realizado se pudo detectar que la recuperación de materiales con valor agregado alto (polifenoles, carbohidratos, azúcares, gomas y componentes de calcio) puede ser utilizada en diversas áreas como la alimenticia, farmacéutica y biotecnológica. Además, se identificó que la obtención de dichos componentes se puede llevar a cabo mediante el acoplamiento de diversos bioprocesos (fermentación, filtración, centrifugación y decantación).
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