A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out in the Madrid Autonomous Region (Comunidad de Madrid) in order to study and describe canine leishmaniasis epidemiology. The presence of leishmaniasis-specific antibodies was ascertained by immunofluorescence testing, 591 dogs were screened, revealing a prevalence of 5.25% (95% confidence interval 7.4-3.6), with no difference being encountered between rural and periurban areas. Age-specific prevalence exhibits a peak at 2-3 years and another at 7-8 years. Incidence or force of infection by occupation is as follows: pet dogs 0.059 (95% confidence interval 0.009-0.108) and working dogs 0.035 (95% confidence interval 0.012-0.057), there being a ratio between infection rates of 1.7, viz., indicating a 70% greater risk of infection among pet than among working dogs. The basic case reproduction number R0 is 1.06, suggesting that very intense control measures would not be needed for a drop in prevalence and incidence of infection to be achieved.
BackgroundCRTC1 (CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1) gene plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and long-term memory formation in the hippocampus. Recently, CRTC1 has been shown to be downregulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying CRTC1 dysregulation in AD remain unclear.MethodsTo understand better the epigenetic mechanisms regulating CRTC1 expression that may be altered in AD, we profiled DNA methylation at CpG site resolution by bisulfite cloning sequencing in two promoter regions (referred to as Prom1 and Prom2) of the CRTC1 gene in human hippocampus from controls and AD cases. Next, we correlated DNA methylation levels with AD-related pathology, i.e., β-amyloid and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) burden and also measured CRTC1 mRNA levels by RT-qPCR.ResultsMethylation levels were lower in AD cases as compared to controls within both promoter regions (Prom1: 0.95 % vs. 5 %, p-value < 0.01 and Prom2: 2.80 % vs. 17.80 %, p-value < 0.001). Interestingly, CRTC1 methylation levels inversely correlated with AD-related neuropathological changes, particularly with p-tau deposition (rSpearman = -0.903, p < 0.001). Moreover, a 1.54-fold decrease in CRTC1 mRNA levels was observed in hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls (p < 0.05) supporting the notion that CRTC1 is downregulated in the AD hippocampus.ConclusionsDNA methylation levels within two distinct promoter regions of the CRTC1 gene were decreased in human hippocampus affected by AD compared with controls and methylation within Prom1 showed a strong inverse correlation with p-tau deposition. Further studies are guaranteed to elucidate the precise role that CRTC1 methylation plays in AD pathophysiology.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0183-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Objetivo: establecer la prevalencia del Streptococcus agalactiae en gestantes que asisten al servicio de medicina materno fetal del Hospital Militar Central en el periodo comprendido entre enero 15 de 2010 y septiembre 15 de 2010.Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en gestantes con edad gestacional entre 35 y 37,6 semanas, del Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá. Muestreo por conveniencia de 130 gestantes. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó hisopado para la toma de muestras del introito vaginal y ampolla rectal, las cuales se incubaron durante 24 horas. Se realizó serotipificación y prueba de susceptibilidad antibiótica a los aislamientos de bilis esculina negativo y la prueba de CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch y Petersen) positivo. Los datos de las gestantes incluidas en el estudio, junto con los resultados de cultivo, fueron organizados en una base de datos de Excel® y posteriormente se realizó un análisis descriptivo de variables sociodemográficas y positividad para el aislamiento de S. agalactiae.Resultados: la edad materna promedio fue 28±6,76 años. De un total de 260 muestras analizadas correspondientes a las 130 gestantes, solo una muestra resultó positiva paraStreptococcus agalactiae serotipo Ia (0,38%), correspondiente a una gestante de 37 semanas procedente de Bogotá, con un perfil de susceptibilidad que manifestó resistencia a ampicilina y vancomicina, y sensibilidad a cefalotina, ceftriaxona, eritromicina y clindamicina.Conclusiones: la prevalencia reportada es baja para la población de este estudio, por esta razón es cuestionable realizar el tamizaje de rutina para el Streptococcus agalactiae a las maternas que consultan al Hospital Militar Central.
A typhoid fever outbreak affecting 54 school students occurred in a Public School of Móstoles, Madrid. The date of onset was 11 June 1991 and the last detected case was 8 July 1991. Salmonella typhi was cultured from blood and/or stool samples corresponding to 54 patients and one food-handler. There were no secondary cases detected. Epidemiological investigation suggested a salad or a custard as the common source. Patients and the food-handler were treated with ampicillin/amoxicillin for up to three weeks. There were seven relapses that were also treated with the same antibiotics with success. None were found to be excreting the organisms when tested after four months. All the Salmonella typhi isolated strains were phagetype 34, biotype Xylose +, Tetrationate Reductase + and harboured a similar 22 Mdal plasmid, they were also susceptible to the antibiotics tested.
<p>Desde 1990 se han reportado casos de pacientes infectados por influenza causadas por virus de baja patogenicidad, sin embargo, desde el año 1997, virus altamente patógenos como el A/H5N1 han provocado un aumento en el número de personas infectadas por transmisión zoonotica. Los pacientes infectados presentan síntomas constitucionales y respiratorios, trastornos hematológicos y disfunción hepática. Cerca de la mitad de casos son pacientes menores de 20 años, y aproximadamente el 90% son menores de 40 años. Recientes estudios en mamíferos indican que son necesarias algunas mutaciones en el genoma viral para que el virus tenga la capacidad de infectar células mamíferas. En respuesta a estos estudios el centro de control de enfermedades (por sus siglas en ingles Centers for Disease Control), ente regulador en la dinámica epidemiológica mundial propone continuar con las investigaciones sin alertar a los sistemas de salud, pues en este momento no constituye una amenaza mundial. Sin embargo, este aspecto toma lugar como una preocupación importante desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, por cuanto podría constituir la próxima pandemia. Debido a la alta mortalidad en humanos que se presenta en los casos de pacientes infectados con este virus, un brote o una pandemia exigirán por tanto un conocimiento apropiado de la biología del virus de la influenza aviar, los determinantes de su patogenicidad, la prevención mediante vacuna y los posibles esquemas de tratamiento.</p>
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