In DNA vaccination, CD4(+) T-cell help can be enhanced by fusion of a gene encoding an immunization protein with a foreign gene or its part providing T(h) epitopes. To study the effect of helper epitope localization in a protein molecule, the influence of the vicinity of the helper epitope, and the impact of chimeric protein cellular localization, we fused the helper epitope p30 from tetanus toxin (TT, aa 947-967) with the N- or C-terminus of the mutated E7 oncoprotein (E7GGG) of human papillomavirus type 16, enlarged the p30 epitope with the flanking residues containing potential protease-sensitive sites and altered the cellular localization of the fusion constructs by signal sequences. The p30 epitope enhanced the E7-specific response, but only in constructs without added signal sequences. After localization of the fusion proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and endo/lysosomal compartment, the TT-specific T(h)2 response was increased. The synthetic Pan DR epitope (PADRE) induced a stronger E7-specific response than the p30 epitope and its stimulatory effect was not limited to nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of the E7 antigen. These results suggest that in the optimization of immune responses by adding helper epitopes to DNA vaccines delivered by the gene gun, the cellular localization of the antigen needs to be taken into account.

The piggyBac transposon system provides a non-viral alternative for cost-efficient and simple chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell production. The generation of clinical-grade CAR T cells requires strict adherence to current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards. Unfortunately, the high costs of commonly used lentiviral or retroviral vectors limit the manufacturing of clinical-grade CAR T cells in many non-commercial academic institutions. Here, we present a manufacturing platform for highly efficient generation of CD19-specific CAR T cells (CAR19 T cells) based on co-electroporation of linear DNA transposon and mRNA encoding the piggyBac transposase. The transposon is prepared enzymatically in vitro by PCR and contains the CAR transgene flanked by piggyBac 3 0 and 5 0 arms. The mRNA is similarly prepared via in vitro transcription. CAR19 T cells are expanded in the combination of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-7, and IL-21 to prevent terminal differentiation of CAR T cells. The accurate control of vector copy number (VCN) is achieved by decreasing the concentration of the transposon DNA, and the procedure yields up to 1 Â 10 8 CAR19 T cells per one electroporation of 1 Â 10 7 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after 21 days of in vitro culture. Produced cells contain >60% CAR+ cells with VCN < 3. In summary, the described manufacturing platform enables a straightforward cGMP certification, since the transposon and transposase are produced abiotically in vitro via enzymatic synthesis. It is suitable for the cost-effective production of highly experimental, earlyphase CAR T cell products.

Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a centrosomal protein that is overexpressed in a number of human malignancies and can contribute to tumor progression. As we used this protein as a target of DNA immunization, we increased its immunogenicity by the addition of the PADRE helper epitope and decreased its potential oncogenicity by mutagenesis of the kinase domain. For in vitro analysis of induced immune responses in mice, we identified the Aurka(220-228) nonapeptide representing an H-2Kb epitope. As DNA vaccination against the Aurka self-antigen by a gene gun did not show any antitumor effect, we combined DNA immunization with anti-CD25 treatment that depletes mainly regulatory T cells. Whereas 1 anti-CD25 dose injected before DNA vaccination did not enhance the activation of Aurka-specific splenocytes, 3 doses administered on days of immunizations augmented about 10-fold immunity against Aurka. However, an opposite effect was found for antitumor immunity-only 1 anti-CD25 dose combined with DNA vaccination reduced tumor growth. Moreover, the administration of 3 doses of anti-CD25 antibody alone accelerated tumor growth. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating cells showed that 3 anti-CD25 doses not only efficiently depleted regulatory T cells but also activated helper T cells and CD3(-)CD25(+) cells. Next, we found that blockade of the PD-1 receptor initiated 1 week after the first immunization was necessary for significant inhibition of tumor growth with therapeutic DNA vaccination against Aurka combined with depletion of CD25 cells. Our results suggest that combined cancer immunotherapy should be carefully evaluated to achieve the optimal antitumor effect.

As the extent of centrosome abnormalities in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) correlates with disease stage and karyotype alterations, abnormal expression of genes encoding centrosomal proteins may be an early prognostic marker of disease progression. In the present study, we showed that in comparison with healthy controls, the expression of four centrosomal genes (AURKA, HMMR, PLK1 and ESPL1) in the peripheral blood of CML patients was significantly enhanced at diagnosis and decreased to the basal level in most patients treated with imatinib mesylate for three months. In the remaining patients (17%), this decrease was delayed and was associated with worse overall survival. The detection of antibodies in sera showed that patients with higher overall antibody production had superior outcomes in terms of achieving major molecular response and failure-free survival. These data suggest that the dynamics of the response of centrosomal genes should be considered as a risk factor and immunity against centrosomal proteins may contribute to treatment response.