Delay discounting has been linked to important behavioral, health, and social outcomes, including academic achievement, social functioning and substance use, but thoroughly measuring delay discounting is tedious and time consuming. We develop and consistently validate an efficient and psychometrically sound computer adaptive measure of discounting. First, we develop a binary search-type algorithm to measure discounting using a large international data set of 4,190 participants. Using six independent samples ( N = 1,550), we then present evidence of concurrent validity with two standard measures of discounting and a measure of discounting real rewards, convergent validity with addictive behavior, impulsivity, personality, survival probability; and divergent validity with time perspective, life satisfaction, age and gender. The new measure is considerably shorter than standard questionnaires, includes a range of time delays, can be applied to multiple reward magnitudes, shows excellent concurrent, convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity-by showing more sensitivity to effects of smoking behavior on discounting.
The major hypotheses of this experiment were that students who play a computer game in teams of two or three will perform at least as well as those who play the game individually. and that teams of two or three students will be at least as successful in the game as individual students. Sixth graders of high academic ability were divided into four groups. Three of the groups played a computer game: one group played alone. one played in pairs. and one in threes. The fourth group did not play the game. All the svbiects then took a test designed to measur e learning from the game. No significant differences in learning were observed. but there was a statistically significant tendency for boys to play the game faster than girls. A difference in the machines used to play the game produces no consistent or significant effects. Appendices give some statements from the game and the test questions. (Author/JY)
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