The circular economy entails the principles of rational waste management to the best advantage. Waste management in the Russian Federation is currently in a reform process, thus it is crucial to choose now the most efficient way for its development. Besides, in addition to general government strategic aims in such a vast country such as Russia, it is very important to take into consideration specific aspects typical of its territories, which will allow determining regional areas of activities. The article analyzes current municipal solid waste management in the Russian Federation. The case study is of one of the regions (Sverdlovskaya Oblast) characterized by some typical and specific problems which illustrate the results of the first stage of reforming. The authors analyzed the existing and planned mechanisms of state regulation in the waste management sector at regional and federal levels, and scrutinized changes in legislation. The development level of the circular economy in the region was determined on the basis of the index method. The life cycle analysis (LCA)-based evaluation approach made it possible to evaluate the economic efficiency of the production and economic activities at different stages of municipal solid waste (waste paper) recycling with due regard to externalities. The research showed that despite the current substantial economic potential of the secondary resources’ (waste paper) reuse, there was a low level of development of the circular economy index. Regional factors hindering and fostering the circular economy development were identified. Recommendations for improving the quality of governance of the municipal solid waste management were formulated.
Abstract.Nowadays, the level of development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Russia lags behind that of the states with advanced economy. Problems with connection to the power supply attributed to prohibitive costs and time-consuming procedures can be distinguished among many other reasons. The aim of this paper is to consider feasibility of applying alternative energy sources to the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises through the study of the Sverdlovsk Region. While analyzing local energy sources of the region with due regard to its geographic and climatic peculiarities, we have identified the most promising sources of energy that require state support for their efficient use. Estimation of economic efficiency of the implemented project of alternative energy supply at a small enterprise proves feasibility of using a stand-alone solar panel based energy supply system.
Efficiency of renewable and alternative energy projects has recently been seen as an integral quantity, which includes economic, energetic, environmental, social and other components. With a lack of substantial financial support from federal, regional or municipal levels the determinant factor of renewable energy project implementation is still an economic efficiency. Economic efficiency can also be seen as a compound quantity, which includes, above others, environmental component. This paper attempts to formulate the definition of "environmental component of economic efficiency", and to distinguish that economic efficiency component of renewable energy projects. The authors expect the increase of environmental component contribution to the general economic efficiency of projects as a result of improvement of the Russian Federation environmental legislation and of consequent and strict control of its implementation. As an example we provide the project of biogas generation from livestock waste.
Abstract. Russia's GDP energy intensity today is approximately 2.5-3.5 times higher than that of economically developed countries. To increase its economic competitive ability, Russia needs to achieve energy efficiency in different spheres, including construction, housing and community amenities. Close examination of implemented management measures and world experience revealed that in order to achieve a further energy efficiency increase Russia needs to boost economic interest of the participants concerned and to form effective mechanisms of economic management, and this should be done along with improvement of administrative governance. The paper focuses on the barriers that hamper economic motivation and provides recommendations for energy efficiency increase. Even partial implementation of suggested measures, in our opinion, will increase energy efficiency in the spheres of construction and housing accommodation, which is illustrated through the example of a residential building located in Yekaterinburg (Russia, Middle Urals). Energy saving governance in Russia in 1998-2016Energy saving is one of the rational ways to achieve economic management efficiency on an individual country scale, as well as stable development on a global scale. This can be explained by the fact that energy saving costs are 2-6 times lower than the costs of generation of the same amount of energy due to commissioning of new capacities, and, as this takes place, original energy resource is being saved. Today it is safe to say that the efforts made by foreign developed countries several years ago and aimed at improvement of energy saving mechanisms have become an advanced trend, which has been duly appreciated by Russia among other countries.The first Russian state-run energy saving program for 1998-2005 revealed imperfection of governance and legislative framework in this sphere marked by general production decline and growth of energy consumption during that period of time. By the end of this decade, in order to achieve energy saving efficiency at par with economically developed countries, Russia must reduce economic energy intensity by at least 40% as of the 2010 level. This is required by the Decree of the President of Russia No. 889 (2008), a Corresponding
The subject of this article is the effective waste management at the Ural Federal University (UrFU). The topic of waste management has become increasingly relevant in recent years. At the moment, the Russian Federation is undergoing reforms in the field of municipal waste management, which also affects educational institutions. Wherein graduate school should reflect the advanced knowledge, experience and trends that exist in society. Purpose of the study was improving this system, taking into account the regulatory and legal requirements of the State involving modern challenges and best practices. Since in the new Russian conditions there is no uniform practice of forming this system, the article analyzes the treatment of MSW across the globe. This scheme of circulation in Russian universities can be exemplified by related work. The successful introduction of separate waste collection at the university, with the support of its administration, is largely due to economic interest. The rationale for implementing a separate waste collection system was based on economic efficiency. This efficiency was determined on the income ratio between costs for removal part of the generated municipal waste and the subsequent sale through utilisation companies combined with the cost of organizing Sustainable Waste Collection in UrFU. Calculations have shown that separate waste collection organized on the territory of a large institution (UrFU) can be economically efficient in collecting the most massive, demanded fractions. The proposed system of waste collection management can be used as a model for implementation in UrFU and other universities of the Russian Federation, as well as considered one of the major components of the environmental and economic activities of Russian universities. This system has of course taken into account international ratings of the «green» economy and sustainable development.
The annual increase in generation and disposal of production and consumer wastes presents an ever pressing environmental, economic, and social challenge for modern industrially developed urbanized territories. As part of the waste management reform, an important issue is the restoration of old landfills for municipal solid waste (MSW). One of possible engineering solutions for the implementation of projects for the reburial of waste from old landfills is excavation of the landfill body with further sorting and extraction of landfill soil and, in some cases, recycled materials. This will reduce the amount of waste subject to reburial. The article examines several options for the implementation of the projects of old landfill restoration. It offers an algorithm for the efficient use of MSW landfills based on the data of environmental and economic analysis of some waste landfill restoration projects.
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