Background Despite efforts to improve childhood immunization coverage in Nigeria, coverage has remained below the national acceptable level. In December 2019, we conducted an assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Ondo State, in Southwest Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the magnitude of, explore the reasons for, as well as possible solutions for reducing MOV in the State. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. We purposively selected 66 health facilities in three local government authorities, with a non-probabilistic sampling of caregivers of children 0–23 months for exit interviews, and health workers for knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys. Data collection was complemented with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with caregivers and health workers. The proportion of MOV among children with documented vaccination histories were determined and thematic analysis of the qualitative data was carried out. Results 984 caregivers with children aged 0–23 months were interviewed, of which 869 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The prevalence of MOV was 32.8%. MOV occurred among 90.8% of children during non-vaccination visits, and 7.3% during vaccination visits. Vaccine doses recommended later in the immunization series were given in a less timely manner. Among 41.0% of health workers, they reported their vaccination knowledge was insufficient. Additionally, 57.5% were concerned about and feared adverse events following immunization. Caregivers were found to have a low awareness about vaccination, and issues related to the organization of the health system were found to contribute towards MOV. Conclusions One in three children experienced a MOV during a health service encounter. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers about immunization policies and practices, improving caregivers’ engagement and screening of vaccination documentation by health workers during every health service encounter.

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Despite the government's and development partners' unmatched efforts to ensure that every eligible person receives vaccinations, there have been concerns about vaccine fear, government mistrust, vaccine hesitancy and rejection expressed by the public, as well as various conspiracy theories involving the COVID-19 vaccines. This study assessed the public beliefs and willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccines and related factors among residents of Ondo State, Nigeria.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>Using a convenience sample technique, a cross-sectional survey of the adult population was carried out in the months of February and March of 2022. Factors influencing beliefs and willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccines were found by using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>306 out of 323 respondents completed the survey and were included in the final analysis. The respondents mean age was 28.16 ± 16.2 years. Although <italic>n</italic> = 223, 72.9% of respondents reported to have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccines, (<italic>n</italic> = 205) 67.0% believed COVID-19 vaccines to be effective. Among the individuals who had not yet had any COVID-19 vaccinations, 2.6% (<italic>n</italic> = 8) of respondents were willing to accept the vaccines, whereas 14.1% (<italic>n</italic> = 43) were unwilling. Respondents' beliefs about the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines were influenced by their gender, occupation, religion and educational attainment (p &lt; 0.005).</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The study revealed a good level of positive beliefs about the vaccine, which was mirrored in vaccination history. However, those who had not yet received the vaccine were unwilling to do so, opening the door for more aggressive risk communication to be able to alter the course of events. In addition to addressing additional COVID-19 vaccination myths, we advise policy-makers to develop communication strategies that emphasise the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine. It is advised that all relevant stakeholders be included in government COVID-19 vaccination programmes by sharing timely, transparent information that fosters accountability.</p> </sec></abstract>

The study focused on assessing the health impact of indoor air pollution and coping strategies adopted among rural households in Kwara state, Nigeria. A three-stage random sampling techniques was used to select 150 household respondents. The data for the study were collected using a well-structured questionnaire and an MSA gas-detector used to monitor the concentration of Carbon-monoxide (CO), Sulphur-dioxide (SO2) and Hydrogensulphide (H2S) pollutants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data. However, the result revealed that the mean concentration of CO, SO2 and H2S in the kitchen during cooking were 77.20, 1.97 and 0.25 parts-per millions (ppm) respectively. The World Health recommends exposure limits of 35ppm for 1hour and 9ppm for 8hours for CO concentration in a household. While, the recommended exposure limits of 0.5ppm and 1.0ppm for 8 hours, and 5.0ppm and 10.0ppm for 15minutes for SO2 and H2S concentrations in a household respectively. Eye irritation, Sneezing and headache were the 1st, 2nd and 3rd perceived health problems found to be associated with indoor air pollution. Also, the Pearson χ2 result (15.051, 15.454, and 11.853 with P<0.05) revealed that cold/catarrh/cough, headache/fever, and body pain ailments respectively have significant association with types of cooking stove used by rural households. Thus, inefficient wood and charcoal stoves influence rural household health negatively and they cope by adopting indigenous management practices. Keywords: Pollution, concentration, irritation, stove, ailments

Routine immunization (RI) delivery was declared a public health concern in Nigeria in 2017 because of persistently low immunization coverage rates reported in independent surveys. However, administrative coverage rates remain high, suggesting serious data quality issues. We posit that a shorter timespan between service provision and data reporting can improve the monitoring of RI data, and developed a short message system (SMS) text reporting strategy to generate daily RI data points from health facilities (HFs). The goal was to assess whether daily data collection produces complete, reliable and internally consistent data points. The SMS reporting platform was piloted between December 2017 and April 2018 in two Local Government Areas (LGAs, equivalent to districts) of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. The 145 healthcare workers from 55 HFs received one mobile phone and pre-configured SIM card, and were trained to send data through predefined codes. Healthcare workers compiled the data after each vaccination session and transmitted them via SMS. We analyzed completeness, number of weekly sessions, and supportive supervision conducted. During the pilot phase, we received data from 85% (n = 47) of the 55 HFs. We expected 66 fixed-post sessions and 30 outreach sessions per week, but received data for 33 fixed-post and 8 outreach weekly session on average. More HFs reported on Tuesdays compared to other days of the week. When assessing internal consistency, we observed that the reported number of children vaccinated was sometimes higher than the number of doses available from opening a given number of vaccine vials. When found, this discrepancy was noted for all antigens during fixed-post and outreach vaccination sessions. Despite these initial discrepancies, transmitting RI data sessions via texting is feasible and can provide real-time updates to the performance of the RI services at the HF level.