RESUMOCompreendendo a importância do mercado futuro de commodities agrícolas para a redução dos riscos inerentes à própria atividade agrícola, este estudo contemplou os números de contratos futuros de milho -negociados e em aberto na BM&FBOVEPA -entre os anos de 2004 e 2015. Também foram determinadas as médias diárias de contratos negociados e em aberto, tanto para o período total de vigência de cada contrato quanto para o período que compreende os três meses antecedentes a seu mês de vencimento. A importância deste trabalho está em revelar dois aspectos: a baixa liquidez dos contratos futuros de milho analisados em plena vigência e a expressiva liquidez apresentada por eles quando analisados durante os três meses que antecedem seu vencimento. LIQUIDITY OF CORN FUTURES CONTRACTS NEGOTIATED IN BM&FBOVESPA ABSTRACTRealizing the importance of agricultural commodity futures market to reduce the inherent risks of agricultural activity, this assessment contemplated the number of corn futures contractsnegotiated and open at BM&FBOVEPA -between the years 2004 and 2015. Were also determined the daily average of contracts negotiated and open, both for the total duration of each contract and for the period comprising the three months prior to its expiration month. The importance of this work is to reveal two aspects: the low liquidity of corn futures contract when analyzed in entire duration and the significant liquidity presented by them when analyzed during the three months before maturity.
RESUMO -Foram utilizados registros de pesos de 26.314 bovinos da raça Guzerá referentes ao período de 1975 a 2001, divididos em intervalo de 90 dias do nascimento aos 630 dias de idade. Quatro modelos foram utilizados para estimar componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos usando a metodologia REML: no modelo 1, foram considerados os efeitos genéticos direto (GA), materno (GM), de ambiente permanente materno (AM) e residual; no modelo 2, eliminou-se GM; no modelo 3, excluiu-se AM; e, no modelo 4, excluíram-se GM e AM. O teste de razão de verossimilhança (LRT) não detectou diferenças significativas em quase nenhuma das classes de idades dos modelos 1 e 2. As herdabilidades diretas estimadas nos modelos 1 e 2 foram semelhantes. Os valores de herdabilidade cresceram da primeira classe de idade até a segunda, mantiveram-se até o desmame e depois cresceram. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta, nas classes de idade mais próximas dos 205, 365 e 550 dias, para os modelos 1 e 2, foram 0,15; 0,12 e 0,14 e, nos modelos 3 e 4, foram 0,15; 0,14; 0,15 e 0,26; 0,19 e 0,17, respectivamente. O modelo 3 apresentou valores maiores de herdabilidade materna, em virtude da exclusão de AM. No modelo 4, houve superestimação da variância genética aditiva, como resultado da exclusão de GM e AM. A comparação entre modelos comprovou que o modelo sem GM foi equivalente ao modelo completo 1.Palavras-chave: bovinos de corte, estimativas de variâncias, efeitos maternos, herdabilidades Evaluation of models to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for growth traits of Guzerá cattleABSTRACT -Data from 26.314 animals of Guzerá cattle, weighted every 90 days from birth to 630 days, between 1975 and 2001, were used to estimate covariance components by REML methodology using four different models. The first model was the complete one and included four random components: direct genetic (GA), maternal genetic (GM), maternal permanent environmental (AM) and the residual; model 2 did not include the GM effect; model 3 did not include the AM effect and model 4 did not include both GM and AM effects. Models 1 and 2 did not differ by likelihood ratio test in almost all age classes. Direct heritability estimates obtained from models 1 and 2 were quite similar, and increased from first to second age, remained the same until weaning and then increased. Direct heritability estimates for weight in age classes close to 205, 365 and 550 days, by models 1 and 2, were respectively 0.15, 0.12 and 0.14. Estimates of the same parameter obtained by models 3 and 4 were respectively 0.15, 0.14, 0.15 and 0.26, 0.19, 0.17. Maternal heritability estimates by model 3 were higher because it did not include the AM effect. The additive genetic variance was probably superestimated by model 4 because it did not include GM and AM effects. The comparison between the models indicated that the model without GM was equivalent to the complete model 1.
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