Osteoporosis is a disease affecting bones which is characterized by decreased bone density; bones become porous and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis occurs because of an imbalance during bone remodeling phase between resorption and formation processes. This study aims to simulate the effects of mechanical stimulations on the femoral bone elasticity limit. It is hoped that these mechanical stimuli can provide information on bone elasticity limits. Initially, we constructed the femur in two layers using triangular elements. Then we entered the bone properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) based on the age of the femur. After that we calculated the value of the stress, strain, and strain rate in the reversal phase. Next, we calculated the bone density using the thermodynamic equation and calculation of the bone elasticity limit using particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods. The value of stress and strain caused by walking is higher than the value of stress and strain when standing still. In this case, the difference in activity results an increase in stress by 33.82% and an increase in strain and strain rate by 34.57%. Based on these simulation results, it can be concluded that mechanical stimulation can increase the limit of bone elasticity to 2.99% in cortical bone and 0.975% in trabecular bone. Bone elasticity limit can be used to determine the level of osteoporosis that occurs. The higher value of the bone elasticity, the smaller the possibility of osteoporosis.
The getting older of people age, the density of bone will be further reduced. The process speed of bone formation decreases progressively after reaching peak bone mass in the age range 25-30 years. The reduction in bone density is known as osteoporosis. This phenomenon occurs due to an interruption on remodelling bone due to some conditions. Therefore, this study is going to simulate the effect of mechanical stimuli on femur bone density using walking and standing mechanical stimuli. In this study, there are four stages passed. First, build the femur bone construction which consists of two layers (cortical and trabecular). Then input the properties of bone based on age (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Then calculate the stress, strain and strain rate and calculate the bone density using thermodynamic equation of V. Klika and F. Marsik with Runge-Kutta method of 4th orde. The bone density given standing mechanical stimuli (1290 N) for age 25 is 0.7963 g/cm2 and walking mechanical stimuli (1741.5 N) is 1.0698 g/cm2. Then the bone density given standing mechanical stimuli (1200 N) for age 51 is 0.7703 g/cm2 and walking mechanical stimuli (1620 N) is 0.9885 g/cm2.
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