Aims. To determine the usefulness of platelet count (PC), spleen diameter (SD) and platelet count/spleen diameter ratio (PC/SD ratio) for the prediction of oesophageal varices (OV) and large OV in black African patients with cirrhosis in Côte d'Ivoire. Materials and Methods. Study was conducted in a training sample (111 patients) and in a validation sample (91 patients). Results. Factors predicting OV were sex: (OR = 0.08, P = 0.0003), PC (OR = 12.4, P = 0.0003), SD (OR = 1.04, P = 0.002) in the training sample. The AUROCs (±SE) of the model (cutoff ≥ 0.6), PC (cutoff < 110500), SD (cutoff > 140) and PC/SD ratio (cutoff ≤ 868) were, respectively; 0.879 ± 0.04, 0.768 ± 0.06, 0.679 ± 0.06, 0.793 ± 0.06. For the prediction of large OV, the model's AUROC (0.850 ± 0.05) was superior to that of PC (0.688 ± 0.06), SD (0.732 ± 0.05) and PC/SD ratio (0.752 ± 0.06). In the validation sample, with PC, PC/SD ratio and the model, upper digestive endoscopy could be obviated respectively in 45.1, 45.1, and 44% of cirrhotic patients. Prophylactic treatment with beta blockers could be started undoubtedly respectively in 36.3, 41.8 and 28.6% of them as having large OV. Conclusion. Non-invasive means could be used to monitor cirrhotic patients and consider treatment in African regions lacking endoscopic facilities.

Résumé -Introduction : Les manifestations buccales de l'infection à VIH sont fréquentes et variées. Elles constituent souvent les premières manifestations cliniques de l'infection à VIH. Objectifs : Les objectifs étaient de déterminer la prévalence des affections buccales, les habitudes d'hygiène bucco-dentaires et de dégager les caractéristiques épidémiocliniques de ces affections chez les PVVIH. Méthodologie : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective, transversale et descriptive basée sur l'observation des lésions bucco-dentaires chez les PVVIH/sida. Résultats : Sur un total de 72 patients, le sexe féminin était majoritaire (66,7 %) et l'âge moyen était de 40 ans. Le type 1 du VIH a été le plus représenté (97,2 %). L'indice de plaque moyen était compris entre 0,1-0,9 (68,1 %), égale à 0 (22,2 %). Près de 80 % des patients avaient un taux de CD4 en dessous de 500 cellules/mm 3 et 86 % des patients étaient sous antirétroviraux. L'indice CAO/D était de 10,17. La fréquence des affections bucco-dentaires était de 87,5 %. Les lésions de la muqueuse buccale étaient majoritaires (71 %), et dominées par les candidoses (52,8 %). Conclusion : Les affections bucco-dentaires sont fréquentes chez les PVVIH/SIDA. La prise en charge médicale des PVVIH/SIDA doit intégrer l'examen systématique de la cavité buccale. Abstract -Oral manifestations associated with HIV infection in the Infectious

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in adult HIV-infected patients in decentralized setting of Sikasso, in Mali.Methods: This is a proactive study that took place from 2 January 2011 to 30 December 2012 at the Hospital of Sikasso (Department of Medicine). HIV-infected adult patients who have started ART at least 3 months before were included in this study to monitor the laboratory and clinical Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) for at least 6 months. The WHO classification of adverse drug reactions has been used to investigate the causality of antiretrovirals.Results: Women were the most represented with 58% of the cases. The most represented age range was 26-47 years with 73.6%. Of the 178 patients enrolled, 61.2% had an ADR. ADR were neurological (40.4%), digestive (35.8%), cutaneous (18.3%) and hematological (5.5%). Stavudine was the most incriminated molecule, in 24.8% of the cases. The WHO grade 4 classification of ART toxicity was represented in 3.4% of the cases. The WHO causality score of "certain" was found in 29.8% of the cases. Conclusion:Adverse effects of Antiretrovirals are frequent and could be life-threatening in short and long terms. Regular follow-up of patients receiving these triple therapies, and the associated complications, is essential. We recommend active surveillance of antiretroviral therapy to strengthen Pharmacovigilance in Mali.

Glutathione S-transferase genes, known to be highly polymorphic, are implicated in the process of phase II metabolism of many substrates, including xenobiotics, anticancer and anti-infective drugs. The detoxification activity is linked to individual genetic makeup. Therefore, the identification of alleles and genotypes in these genes within a population may help to better design genetic susceptibility and pharmacogenetic studies. We performed the present study to establish the frequencies of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 c. 313A > G (rs1695) polymorphisms in 206 individuals of the Malian healthy population. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were genotyped by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, whereas genotypes of GSTP1 were identified by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequencies of GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null genotypes were respectively 24.3 and 41.3%. The observed genotype frequencies for GSTP1 were 25.73% homozygous wild-type AA, 49.03% heterozygous AG and 25.24% homozygous mutant GG. The frequency of GSTP1-A allele was 50.24% versus 49.76% for the GSTP1-G allele. The distribution of these three genes was homogeneous between men and women (p > 0.05). We found no statistical association between the presence of a particular profile of GSTM1 or GSTT1 with the genotypes of GSTP1 (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, we noticed that the majority of the individuals harboring the GSTM1-present or the GSTT1-present harbor also the GSTP1-AG genotype. In addition, the triple genotype GSTM1present/GSTT1-present/AG was the most frequent with 25.2%. Our findings will facilitate future studies regarding genetic associations of multifactorial diseases and pharmacogenetic, thus opening the way to personalized medicine in our population.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a central role in the phase I biotransformation process of a wide range of compounds, including xenobiotics, drugs, hormones and vitamins. It is noteworthy that these enzymes are highly polymorphic and, depending on the genetic makeup, an individual may have impaired enzymatic activity. Therefore, the identification of genetic variants in these genes could facilitate the implementation of pharmacogenetic studies and genetic predisposition to multifactorial diseases. We have established the frequencies of CYP2B6 (rs3745274; rs2279343) and CYP3A4 (rs2740574) alleles and genotypes in 209 healthy Malian subjects using TaqMan drug metabolism genotyping assays for allelic discrimination. Allele frequencies were 37% for CYP2B6 rs3745274; 38% for CYP2B6 rs2279343; and 75% for CYP3A4 rs2740574 respectively. Overall, the frequencies observed in Mali are statistically comparable to those reported across Africa except North Africa. The major haplotypes in CYP2B6 rs3745274 and CYP2B6 rs2279343 were represented by GA (60.24%) followed by TG (35.36%). We noted a strong linkage disequilibrium between CYP2B6 rs3745274 and CYP2B6 rs2279343 with D' = 0.91 and r 2 = 0.9. The frequencies of the genotypic combinations were 43.5% (GT/AG), 37.3% (GG/AA) and 11.5% (TT/GG) in the combination of CYP2B6-rs3745274 and CYP2B6-rs2279343; 26.8% (GT/CC), 25.4%, (GT/CT), 17.2% and GG/CT in the combination CYP2B6-rs3745274-CYP3A4-rs2740574; 26.8% (AG/CC), 23.9% (AA/CC), 19.1% (AG/CT), and 11% (AA/CT) in the combination CYP2B6-rs2279343-CYP3A4-rs2740574, respectively. The most common triple genotype was GT/AG/CC with 24.9%, followed by GG/AA/CC with 23.9%, GT/AG/CT with 16.7%, and GG/AA/CT with 10%. Our results provide new insights into the distribution of these pharmacogenetically relevant genes in the Malian population. Moreover, these data will be useful for studies of individual genetic variability to drugs and genetic predisposition to diseases.