In low-and middle-income countries, determining the cause of death of any given individual is impaired by poor access to healthcare systems, resource-poor diagnostic facilities, and limited acceptance of complete diagnostic autopsies. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), an innovative post-mortem procedure based on obtaining tissue specimens using fine needle biopsies suitable for laboratory analysis, is an acceptable proxy of the complete diagnostic autopsy, and thus could reduce the uncertainty of cause of death. This study describes rumor surveillance activities developed and implemented in Bangladesh, Mali, and Mozambique to identify, track and understand rumors about the MITS procedure. Our surveillance activities included observations and interviews with stakeholders to understand how rumors are developed and spread and to anticipate rumors in the program areas. We also engaged young volunteers, local stakeholders, community leaders, and study staff to report rumors being spread in the community after MITS launch. Through community meetings, we also managed and responded to rumors. When a rumor was reported, the field team purposively conducted interviews and group discussions to track, verify and understand the rumor. From July 2016 through April 2018, the surveillance identified several rumors including suspicions of organs being harvested or transplanted; MITS having been performed on a living child, and concerns related to disrespecting the body and mistrust related to the study purpose. These rumors, concerns, and cues of mistrust were passed by word of mouth. We managed the rumors by modifying the consent protocol and giving additional information and support to the bereaved family and to the community members. Rumor surveillance was critical for anticipating and readily identifying rumors and managing them. Setting up rumor surveillance by engaging community residents, stakeholders, and volunteers could be an essential part of any public health program where there is a need to identify and react in real-time to public concern.
In this paper, we present concepts, theories, and overview of knowledge management in an autonomous optical networks and Lamba Architecture in cloud related environment. This study presents some illustrative cases that has been used to illustrate the potential application of KM architecture and to evaluate the various policies for the knowledge sharing and integration algorithm. Here the knowledge is used at the optical transponder system level, sharing, and integration implemented at the node level and supervising and data analytics (SDA) controller level. The KM process has been evaluated by integrating on a metro-network situation in terms of model error convergence time and the data shared among agents. Indeed, the propagation and reinforcement actions illustrated by similar convergence time than data-based policies at various phases of the network learning process without compromising the convergence accuracy of the model prediction. The Lambda Architecture is the new model for Big Data and database research focus, that helps in data processing with a balance on throughput, latency, and fault-tolerance. To provide a complete solution and better accuracy, low latency, and high throughput, there exists no single tool. This introduced the idea to use a set of tools and methods to build a comprehensive Big Data approach. Although this paper does not provide a developed and working tool, however, provides an outline and the methods used by researchers to overcome some of the shortcomings of Lambda Architecture. The Lambda Architecture defines a set of layers to fit in a set of tools and methods rightly for constructing a comprehensive Big Data scheme: Speed Layer, Serving Layer, Batch Layer. Each layer satisfies a set of features and builds upon the functionality delivered by the layers beneath it. The Batch Layer is the place where the master dataset is warehoused, which is an unchangeable and add-only set of raw data. Also, the batch layer computes before the results using a distributed processing system like Hadoop, Apache Spark that can manage large amounts of data. The Speed Layer encapsulates new data coming in real-time and processes it. The Serving Layer comprises a parallel processing query steam engine, that takes results from both Batch and Speed Layers and responds to questions and requests in real-time with low latency. Stack Overflow is a Question-and-Answer forum with an enormous user community, millions of posts with rapid growth over the years. This paper demonstrates the Lambda Architecture by constructing a data pipeline, to add a new "Recommended Questions" section in the Stack Overflow user profile and update the questions suggested in real-time. Additionally, various indicators such as trending tags, user performance numbers such as are shown in user dashboard by querying through batch processing layer. Finally, this paper provides a seamless search of the various methods or techniques used to help solve complex databases which are provided by Stack Overflow platform infrastructure.
Le transport collectif urbain de Bamako constitue de nos jours un problème de mobilité qu'il est important de mieux comprendre en vue de mener des actions collectives. L'urbanisation et la croissance démographique accentuent la demande de mobilité. Cet article se propose d'analyser la place qu'occupe les motos taxis dans le de transport dans la ville de Bamako. Les entretiens individuels ont été menés auprès des Les acteurs en charge de l'organisation du transport, les usagers, les syndicats et les conducteurs des motos taxis. Aussi, ces acteurs ont été observés sur le terrain. L'analyse a mis en exergue l'intégration des motos taxis dans le transport urbain de la ville de Bamako. Il résulte de l'enquête que l'évolution de ces modes de transport répond à la demande de déplacements quotidiens entre les différents secteurs de la ville. La croissance urbaine de Bamako suscite une forte demande en termes de mobilité. Cependant, le secteur de transport des motos taxis nécessite une meilleure organisation pour pouvoir répondre de façon durable à la demande de la population. Les autorités municipales se plaignent de l'inadaptation des infrastructures routières pour ces motos taxis. Les accidents provoqués par les conducteurs de moto taxi et la méconnaissance du code de la route le problème majeur de ce secteur de transport. L'augmentation du nombre de motos taxis aiguise la rivalité sur certaines lignes entre les conducteurs des motos taxis et de SOTRAMA. Cette rivalité serait mal gérée par les autorités locales selon les conducteurs de moto taxi. En répondant à cette demande, de nombreuses questions sont soulevées comme l'étalement urbain l'organisation du transport urbain.
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