BackgroundNasal septal deviation may affect nasal bone growth and facial morphology. Knowledge of nasal morphologic parameters may plays an important role in planning successful rhinoplasty and septoplasty operation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the direction and degree of nasal septal deviation with nasal bone morphology, along with factors such as age and gender.MethodsMaxillofacial computed tomography (CT) of 250 patients with nasal septal deviation was analyzed retrospectively in this study. We excluded patients with factors that could affect their nasal bone morphology, and a total of 203 patients (111 males, 92 females; mean age, 36.23 years; age range, 18–79 years) were evaluated. The nasal deviation angle was measured on coronal CT images as the angle between the most deviated point of the septum, and the midline nasal morphology was determined by measuring nasal length, internasal angle and lateral and intermediate nasal thickness on both sides.ResultsThe deviation of nasal septum has been detected as to the right in 107 patients (52.7%) and to the left in 96 patients (47.3%). Lateral and intermediate nasal bone thickness and nasal bone length were significantly greater on the ipsilateral deviation side (Table 3). No significant correlation was found between the variation of the nasal deviation angle and nasal bone morphology (Table 4). There were significant differences between the sexes for all investigated parameters except for the nasal deviation angle (p = 0.660). We found that the only internasal angle increases with aging (p = 0.002).ConclusionThe study shows that the direction of nasal septal deviation may be a factor that affects nasal bone morphology.

Spectral Doppler analysis can provide valuable information as a noninvasive method to assess the hemodynamic changes and testicular microcirculation status in cases of clinical varicocele. However, RI, PI, and EDV values of capsular and intraparenchymal branches of testicular arteries may not be used as indicators of semen parameter deterioration. Hopefully, PSV measurement may give more conclusive data to predict sperm count. In addition, the cutoff value for this index has to be determined for future studies.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE PURPOSEWe aimed to evaluate the role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values calculated from diffusion-weighted imaging for head and neck lesion characterization in daily routine, in comparison with histopathological results. METHODSNinety consecutive patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a university hospital for diagnosis of neck lesions were included in this prospective study. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI was performed on a 1.5 T unit with b factor of 0 and 1000 s/mm 2 and ADC maps were generated. ADC values were measured for benign and malignant whole lesions seen in daily practice. RESULTS Diagnosis of head and neck lesions is difficult due to the complicated anatomic structure and different histological components of the many tissues that the neck contains. Imaging of head and neck lesions is not only important for diagnosis of lesions, but also for differentiation of benign lesions from malignant lesions and staging of tumors. While conventional imaging methods mainly evaluate morphological properties, their value is limited in recognizing prognostic characteristics such as benign-malignant differentiation of lesions (1). Routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a time-consuming method, which is sensitive to differences between examiners and may require the use of contrast material. With development of rapid MRI sequences (such as echo-planar [EPI], fast advanced spin echo [FASE], split echo acquisition of fast spin echo [SPLICE]), the sensitivity to susceptibility artifacts limiting the use of MRI for the head and neck region and limitations linked to duration have been significantly reduced (2, 3).Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) is a short sequence produced from EPI, FASE, SPLICE sequences. DW-MRI is sensitive to the randomized (Brownian) motion of water molecules at a microscopic level, which provides functional information about tissues. DW-MRI was initially used to diagnose early stroke in the brain and to evaluate brain masses (4-6). Previous studies have shown that rapid growth of high-grade tumors like astrocytoma and lymphoma causes hypercellularity, which leads to limitation of the diffusion of water molecules. Nowadays, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps calculated from DW-MRI sequences are being increasingly used to provide quantitative data for head and neck lesion diagnosis. In malignant lesions, the DW-MRI signal increases and signal loss is observed on ADC maps (5,7,8). Many researchers benefited from this feature of DW-MRI and evaluated the effectiveness of DW-MRI for head and neck lesion identification, benign-malignant differentiation, and characterization of malignant lesions (9-11).In this prospective study, head and neck lesions that are seen in daily routine were evaluated using DW-MRI, and the role of ADC values in lesion characterization was investigated with the guidance of histopathological results. Methods PatientsFrom January 2012 to January 2014, 90 consecutive patients underwent MRI for diag...

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The orbital aperture is the entrance to the orbit in which most important visual structures such as the eyeball and the optic nerve are found. It is vital not only for the visual system but also for the evaluation and recognition of the face. Eyeball volume is essential for diagnosing microphthalmos or buphthalmos in several eye disorders. Knowing the length of the optic nerve is necessary in selecting the right instruments for enucleation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate eyeball volume, orbital aperture, and optic nerve dimensions for a morphological description in a Turkish population sample according to gender and body side.Paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) scans of 198 individuals (83 females, 115 males) aged between 5 and 74 years were evaluated retrospectively. The dimensions of orbital aperture, axial length and volume of eyeball, and diameter and length of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve were measured. Computed tomography examinations were performed on an Activion 16 CT Scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems, 2008 Japan). The CT measurements were calculated by using OsiriX software on a personal computer. All parameters were evaluated according to gender and right/left sides. A statistically significant difference between genders was found with respect to axial length of eyeball, optic nerve diameter, dimensions of orbital aperture on both sides, and right optic nerve length. Furthermore, certain statistically significant side differences were also found. There were statistically significant correlations between age and the axial length of the eyeball, optic nerve diameter, and the transverse length of the orbital aperture on both sides for the whole study group.In this study we determined certain morphometric parameters of the orbit. These outcomes may be helpful in developing a database to determine normal orbit values for the Turkish population so that quantitative assessment of orbital disease and orbital deformities will be evaluated both for preoperative planning and for assessing postoperative outcomes.

The absence of an internal carotid artery is a rare congenital anomaly. In the absence of the internal carotid artery, collateral circulations develop through the circle of Willis, persistent embryonic arteries or transcranial collaterals of the external carotid artery. Six pathways of collateral circulation have been described. Intercavernous anastomosis is between cavernous segments of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and is rarely seen. Patients with an absence of the internal carotid artery can be completely asymptomatic. However, these patients can present with subarachnoid hemorrhage or stroke accompanying cerebral aneurysm or abnormal collateral. We combined our case with 33 previous publications to form a retrospective series including 35 cases of unilateral internal carotid artery agenesis with intercavernous anastomosis.

Objectives. The aim of our study was to investigate the differences in adrenal gland volume between nondiabetic controls and Type-2 diabetic patients and to examine the influence of glycemic control in diabetes mellitus on adrenal gland volume. Methods. From March 2 to November 25, 2015, 62 consecutive patients with Type-2 DM along with 62 nondiabetics matched by age, gender, and BMI were enrolled in this prospective study. Our diabetes patients were categorized into two groups, well-controlled and poorly controlled diabetes groups. Adrenal volumetric measurements were performed by two radiologists, prospectively and independently, with semiautomatic software. Interobserver reliability was studied using the interobserver correlation coefficient (ICC). Results. The total adrenal volume (TAV) was significantly higher in Type-2 diabetic patients when compared with nondiabetic patients (p < 0.05). When we investigated diabetic patients according to glycemic controls, the TAVs in controlled diabetic patients were significantly higher than in those of the poorly controlled or uncontrolled diabetic patients (p < 0.05). Nondiabetic control patients have significantly smaller TAVs when compared to controlled and poorly or noncontrolled diabetic patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Our study suggests that adrenal gland volume measurement may be used as an indirect marker of glycemic control in patients with diabetes.