A grand total of 60 random samples of chicken and meat (30 of each) before and after cooking (n=15 of each) of both type was collected from a university student hostel, Egypt for microbiological examination. The average values of aerobic plate count and anaerobic count (cfu/g) were 5.4x10 4 ±7.9x10 3 and 2.6x10 4 ±4.4x10 3 for raw meat, 3.6x10 4 ±2.1x10 3 and 2.2x10 4 ±3.8x10 3 for raw chicken meat ,1.2x10 4 ±1.9x10 3 ,1.3x10 4 ± 4.9x10 3 for cooked meat and 1.9x10 4 ±2.2x10 3 & 1.3x10 4 ±4.9x10 3 cfu/g for cooked chicken meat, respectively. Moreover, the incidence of S. Typhimurium, Staph aureus and C. perfringens were 13.33%, 13.33% and 47.6%for raw chicken meat, 0.0, 13.33%, 26.66 % for cooked chicken meat. While, 6.67%, 20%, 20% for raw meat and 0.0,13.33%,13.33% for cooked meat examined samples, respectively for total examined samples. The public health importance of isolated microorganisms and recommended applications were discussed.
Clostridium perfringens is considered one of the important causes of calf diarrhea. Two hundred and twenty-seven clinical samples from newly born and dead diarrheic calves were examined bacteriologically and by PCR. Bacterial culture identified C. perfringens in 168 of 227 samples. A total of 144 of these isolates were lecithinase positive, indicating C. perfringens Type A. In addition, 154 isolates were positive by alpha toxin encoding gene-PCR assay. This study showed high agreement between the results of bacteriology and multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR typed all isolates that were typed as C. perfringens Type A through bacteriologic methods, but ten samples that were lecithinase negative were positive in the multiplex PCR. The study showed the highest occurrence of C. perfringens Type A isolations from calves during the winter and autumn compared with other seasons.
Poultry is one of the most important reservoirs for zoonotic multidrug-resistant pathogens. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in poultry production is a leading factor for development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from healthy turkey flocks of different ages in Nile delta region, Egypt. In the current investigation, 250 cloacal swabs were collected from 12 turkey farms in five governorates in the northern Egypt. Collected samples were cultivated on BrillianceTM ESBL agar media supplemented with cefotaxime (100 mg/L). The E. coli isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS and confirmed by a conventional PCR assay targeting 16S rRNA-DNA. The phenotypic antibiogram against 14 antimicrobial agents was determined using the broth micro-dilution method. DNA-microarray-based assay was applied for genotyping and determination of both, virulence and resistance-associated gene markers. Multiplex real-time PCR was additionally applied for all isolates for detection of the actual most relevant Carbapenemase genes. The phenotypic identification of colistin resistance was carried out using E-test. A total of 26 E. coli isolates were recovered from the cloacal samples. All isolates were defined as multidrug-resistant. Interestingly, two different E. coli strains were isolated from one sample. Both strains had different phenotypic and genotypic profiles. All isolates were phenotypically susceptible to imipenem, while resistant to penicillin, rifampicin, streptomycin, and erythromycin. None of the examined carbapenem resistance genes was detected among isolates. At least one beta-lactamase gene was identified in most of isolates, where blaTEM was the most commonly identified determinant (80.8%), in addition to blaCTX-M9 (23.1%), blaSHV (19.2%) and blaOXA-10 (15.4%). Genes associated with chloramphenicol resistance were floR (65.4%) and cmlA1 (46.2%). Tetracycline- and quinolone-resistance-associated genes tetA and qnrS were detected in (57.7%) and (50.0%) of isolates, respectively. The aminoglycoside resistance associated genes aadA1 (65.4%), aadA2 (53.8%), aphA (50.0%), strA (69.2%), and strB (65.4%), were detected among isolates. Macrolide resistance associated genes mph and mrx were also detected in (53.8%) and (34.6%). Moreover, colistin resistance associated gene mcr-9 was identified in one isolate (3.8%). The class 1 integron integrase intI1 (84.6%), transposase for the transposon tnpISEcp1 (34.6%) and OqxB -integral membrane and component of RND-type multidrug efflux pump oqxB (7.7%) were identified among the isolates. The existing high incidence of ESBL/colistin-producing E. coli identified in healthy turkeys is a major concern that demands prompt control; otherwise, such strains and their resistance determinants could be transmitted to other bacteria and, eventually, to people via the food chain.
Clostridium perfringens is considered as one of major food poisoning bacteria; which may refer to different lethal toxins production including C. perfringens enterotoxin. C. perfringens toxins have been contributed in many diseases in human being especially C. perfringens type A enterotoxin food poisoning. A total of 125 random raw and half cooked chicken meat samples represented by (breast, thigh, nuggets, panée and frankfurter "25 of each") were collected from various retail stores and supermarkets in Qualyubia governorate to investigate the presence of C. perfringens bacteriologically and detect the cpa, etx, and cpe toxin genes by multiplex PCR. Results demonstrated that 6 out of 25 raw breast samples (24%), 8 out of 25 raw thigh samples (32%), 5 out of 25 nuggets samples (20%), 4 out of 25 panée samples (16%), and 4 out of 25 frankfurter samples (16%) were found to be contaminated with C. perfringens. Twenty-seven positive isolates obtained from these samples were identified as C. perfringens based on the microscopic examination and biochemical tests. It was detected that 8 (29.6%) out of 27 C. perfringens isolates carried only alpha toxin gene (type A), and only one isolate (3.7%) of them expressed both alpha and epsilon toxin genes (type D); while cpe gene never had been detected in any examined isolate, according to the multiplex PCR results.
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