No abstract

Declined quality and quantity of sperm is currently the major cause of patients suffering from infertility. Male germ cell development is spatiotemporally regulated throughout the whole developmental process. While it has been known that exogenous factors, such as environmental exposure, diet and lifestyle, et al, play causative roles in male infertility, recent progress has revealed abundant genetic mutations tightly associated with defective male germline development. In mammals, male germ cells undergo dramatic morphological change (i.e., nuclear condensation) and chromatin remodeling during post-meiotic haploid germline development, a process termed spermiogenesis; However, the molecular machinery players and functional mechanisms have yet to be identified. To date, accumulated evidence suggests that disruption in any step of haploid germline development is likely manifested as fertility issues with low sperm count, poor sperm motility, aberrant sperm morphology or combined. With the continually declined cost of next-generation sequencing and recent progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, growing studies have revealed a vast number of disease-causing genetic variants associated with spermiogenic defects in both mice and humans, along with mechanistic insights partially attained and validated through genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). In this review, we mainly summarize genes that are functional at post-meiotic stage. Identification and characterization of deleterious genetic variants should aid in our understanding of germline development, and thereby further improve the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

Desi Ghee was thermally oxidized at 160°C for 9 h and characterized for peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and fatty acid and cholesterol composition using GC-MS. Oxidized (OG) and normal ghee (NG) were fed to rabbits in different doses. Blood was collected for hematology and biochemical analyses after 7 and 14 days. The oxidation of desi ghee increased the PV, FFA, and TBARS values and showed a decline in the RSA values. GC-MS revealed that desi ghee was rich in saturated fatty acids (55.9 g/100 g) and significant amounts of oleic acid (26.2 g/100 g). The OG significantly decreased the body weight, which was normalized by the coadministration of NG. Serum lipid profile showed a dose dependent increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoproteins (LDL) and decrease in RBCs count, hematocrit, glucose, and hemoglobin concentration with OG feeding. These parameters were normalized by coadministration of NG. Liver histopathology of OG fed groups showed bile duct dilation and necrotic changes, while normal architecture showed in NG groups, compared to control. These results indicate that NG has no significant effect on rabbits comparing with OG and that it was beneficial when coadministered with oxidized ghee.

This study aimed to see the role of diet and exercise in the control of disease or in minimizing the complications associated with diabetes. This was hospital based study conducted on four hundred and twenty (420) human subjects, divided in to six (06) main groups of seventy (70) subjects each. Exercise and diet protocol was set according to the international standards. Blood and urinary glucose level of subjects from each group was estimated before the start and at different intervals during the study to compare the effect of diet and exercise in minimizing the disease associated complications. Blood and urinary glucose level of various groups of diet (252.66 ± 6.5/203.00 ± 5.1, 252.66 ± 6.5/159.90 ± 3.3 and 252.66 ± 6.5/158.24 ± 2.70) and diet as well as exercise (252.66 ± 6.5/201.90 ±4.7, 252.66 ± 6.5/164.30 ± 3.7 and 252.66 ± 6.5/157.80 ± 2.70) were compared with that of the control group. The data was recorded and analyzed on SPSS version 16. The role of diet and exercise was observed significant (P ≤ 0.05) in the control of diabetes mellitus type II. Comparison of the blood and urinary glucose levels of individual of various groups under study was made. Significance improvement on the health of individuals in the diet and exercise was observed with P-values of exercise, diet and diet + exercise groups less than 0.05 each. It is concluded that a low calorie intake with regular exercise not only reduces the economic burden of the diabetics but also minimize the associated long term fatal pathologies. The disease is a growing health concern which needs lifelong treatment. Life style modification with changes in dietary habits and exercise therapy would reduce the economic burden on poor and needy diabetics, both in term of chemotherapeutic cost in the early stage of the disease, as well as minimizing the devastating complications of the disease. Type II diabetes and its prevention and treatment is a challenge for the future. The use of drugs therapy should be restricted only where dietary restrictions and exercise fail to achieve the desired goal. Even, in patients where drug therapy is the ultimate choice, life style modifications and dietary control are extremely fruitful and minimize the associated complications.