Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) have emerged and shifted the focus from the typical scalar wireless sensor networks to networks with multimedia devices that are capable to retrieve video, audio, images, as well as scalar sensor data. WMSNs are able to deliver multimedia content due to the availability of inexpensive CMOS cameras and microphones coupled with the significant progress in distributed signal processing and multimedia source coding techniques. In this paper, we outline the design challenges of WMSNs, give a comprehensive discussion of the proposed architectures, algorithms and protocols for the different layers of the communication protocol stack for WMSNs, and evaluate the existing WMSN hardware and testbeds. The paper will give the reader a clear view of the state of the art at all aspects of this research area, and shed the light on its main current challenges and future trends. We also hope it will foster discussions and new research ideas among its researchers.

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The new characteristics of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) and its design issues brought by handling different traffic classes of multimedia content (video streams, audio, and still images) as well as scalar data over the network, make the proposed routing protocols for typical WSNs not directly applicable for WMSNs. Handling real-time multimedia data requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance in order to ensure efficient utility of different capabilities of sensor resources and correct delivery of collected information. In this paper, we propose a Secure Cluster-based Multipath Routing protocol for WMSNs, SCMR, to satisfy the requirements of delivering different data types and support high data rate multimedia traffic. SCMR exploits the hierarchical structure of powerful cluster heads and the optimized multiple paths to support timeliness and reliable high data rate multimedia communication with minimum energy dissipation. Also, we present a light-weight distributed security mechanism of key management in order to secure the communication between sensor nodes and protect the network against different types of attacks. Performance evaluation from simulation results demonstrates a significant performance improvement comparing with existing protocols (which do not even provide any kind of security feature) in terms of average end-to-end delay, network throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) can handle different traffic classes of multimedia content (video, audio streams, and still images) as well as scalar data over the network. To ensure correct delivery of real-time multimedia data and efficient resource utilization, a proposed solution should provide both quality of service (QoS) assurance and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer-based routing protocol that can utilize MAC-layer QoS-based scheduling for more efficient routing mechanism in WMSNs. Our proposed optimization is based on clustered multipath routing protocol and adaptive QoS-aware scheduling for the different traffic classes in WMSNs. Our design exploits the hierarchical structure of powerful cluster heads and the optimized multiple paths along with the adaptive scheduling to support reliable, high-throughput, and energy-efficient multimedia transmission in WMSNs. Simulation results show a significant performance improvement of our proposed design when compared to other similar routing schemes.

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An essential element in the smart city vision is providing safe and secure journeys via intelligent vehicles and smart roads. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have played a significant role in enhancing road safety where vehicles can share road information conditions. However, VANETs share the same security concerns of legacy ad hoc networks. Unlike exiting works, we consider, in this paper, detection a common attack where nodes modify safety message or drop them. Unfortunately, detecting such a type of intrusion is a challenging problem since some packets may be lost or dropped in normal VANET due to congestion without malicious action. To mitigate these concerns, this paper presents a novel scheme for minimizing the invalidity ratio of VANET packets transmissions. In order to detect unusual traffic, the proposed scheme combines evidences from current as well as past behaviour to evaluate the trustworthiness of both data and nodes. A new intrusion detection scheme is accomplished through a four phases, namely, rule-based security filter, Dempster-Shafer adder, node's history database, and Bayesian learner. The suspicion level of each incoming data is determined based on the extent of

The rapidly growing cloud computing paradigm provides a cost-effective platform for storing, sharing, and delivering data and computation through internet connectivity. However, one of the biggest barriers for massive cloud adoption is the growing cybersecurity threats/risks that influence its confidence and feasibility. Existing threat models for clouds may not be able to capture complex attacks. For example, an attacker may combine multiple security vulnerabilities into an intelligent, persistent, and sequence of attack behaviors that will continuously act to compromise the target on clouds. Hence, new models for detection of complex and diversified network attacks are needed. In this article, we introduce an effective threat modeling approach that has the ability to predict and detect the probability of occurrence of various security threats and attacks within the cloud environment using hidden Markov models (HMMs). The HMM is a powerful statistical analysis technique and is used to create a probability matrix based on the sensitivity of the data and possible system components that can be attacked. In addition, the HMM is used to provide supplemental information to discover a trend attack pattern from the implicit (or hidden) raw data. The proposed model is trained to identify anomalous sequences or threats so that accurate and up-to-date information on risk exposure of cloud-hosted services are properly detected. The proposed model would act as an underlying framework and a guiding tool for cloud systems security experts and administrators to secure processes and services over the cloud. The performance evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach to find attack probability and the number of correctly detected attacks in the presence of multiple attack scenarios. INTRODUCTIONToday's cloud datacenters host a vast number of servers with almost infinite computing and storage capacity. Cloud security can be defined as a set of technologies, policies and controls, cloud security is implemented to protect cloud-hosted services, applications, and data. Providing security to customer data is important. Consequently, the major goals of cloud controlling security models includes providing data authenticity, availability, integrity, and confidentiality. 1 If security countermeasures are not provided correctly, then this brings risk to data in transmissions and operations.