The battery management system (BMS) is a crucial component of electric vehicles (EVs) owing to its sustainable operation. To ensure optimal performance of the BMS, state of charge (SOC) of the equipped battery is required to be effectively and accurately estimated. In this paper, the authors consider high‐order equivalent circuit model (ECM) to capture the dynamic characteristics of lithium‐ion batteries, which are connected in series with internal resistance by 2‐RC networks. The parameters of the RC network are determined by mathematically solving the working conditions of the two states. Moreover, the parameters of the battery can be derived by hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) tests. Then, based on the open‐circuit voltage, the proposed feedback‐based extended Kalman filtering (FEKF) algorithm is established. The parameters from the simulation have shown that the highest error is 0.0306 V, the optimal knowledge of which can improve the SOC estimation approach remarkably and can provide a reference value. Afterwards, the non‐linear predicting and corrective techniques are applied to the experiment in the extended calculation process. The original error is reduced by the FEKF algorithm, where the maximum and average errors are 0.0298 and 0.0240 V, respectively. Consequently, the established high‐order ECM utilizing the FEKF algorithm may provide SOC estimation with an error of 1.5% or less, resulting in superb performance from the lithium‐ion battery pack.
BACKGROUND: In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), iron deficiency anemia is the most common systemic complication, and has been reported in 20%–42% of patients, while iron deficiency has been reported in 35-90% of patients. Intravenous iron allows for efficient and well-tolerated treatment in iron deficiency and is routinely used in IBD. Infusion reactions are in clinical studies reported in 1%–3% of iron infusions. The pathogenesis of these infusion reactions is not fully known but complement-activated pseudoallergy seems to be the most important mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of iron isomaltoside in clinical practice. METHODS: We have performed a prospective registration of all infusion reactions and reports of delayed hypersensitivity following infusions of iron isomaltoside in our hospital from November 2012 to June 2018. The simplified dosing regimen was recommended, and 1,000 mg was used as the defined daily dose in the data analyses. The study was performed as a quality assessement project and was approved by the Regional Data Protection Official. Clinical and epidemiological data were registered, as well as study drug characteristics, dosing, type of hypersensitivity and outcome variables. All hypersensitivity reactions were reported to the health authorities. RESULTS: We estimated that a total of 1,240 infusions equivalent to 1,000 mg of iron isomaltoside were given. Acute infusion reactions were reported in 2% (29/1,240) of infusions and delayed hypersensitivity in 0.5% (6/1,240) of infusions. More female (25/29) than male (4/29) patients had acute infusion reactions (P < 0.05). Three patients got infusion reactions on the second infusion and one patient had infusion reactions on both the second and the third infusion. We found no association between dose given and frequency of infusion reactions. No single batch of study drug associated with more infusion reactions was identified. All patients had uneventful recoveries. CONCLUSION(S): In this study hypersensitivity following iron isomaltoside was relatively rare in clinical practice. Infusion reactions are most frequently mild and seem to occur more often in women. No association to dose given was shown.
Random jump of network communication topology challenges the tracking accuracy of linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) system. This paper studies the pilot‐following consensus control of the multiple direct‐drive motion system (MDDMS) with semi‐Markov jump topology. The mathematical model of LSRM is constructed and the multi‐phase excitation strategy is studied. The directed graph is used to model the information transmission among the leaders and follower, and a new mechanism consensus based on previous states is provided. A consensus system based on semi‐Markov jump topology is constructed and the problem of consensus is shifted into a problem of stability analysis. A sufficient condition for consensus problem is obtained by using semi‐Markov switching system theory and graph theory. The MDDMS achieves consensus in the form of exponential convergence under the designed consensus controller. Several groups of simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed consensus control method.
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