A 26 isomer grid of six N-(difluorophenyl)benzamides (F 2 -xx) and six N-(phenyl)difluorobenzamides (xx-F 2 ) (xx = 23/24/25/26/34/35) integrating crystal structure analyses (at 294 K), gas phase calculations and conformational analyses is reported. All 12 isomers (C 13 H 9 N 1 O 1 F 2 ) aggregate via N-HO=C intermolecular interactions and usually in combination with intermolecular C-HO/F/ interactions and often FF contacts. The F 2 -25 crystal structure has a remarkably supershort intermolecular C-HF interaction for a neutral organic, while the 25-F 2 (amide-bridged reversed) has an analogous short C-HF in a twinned, disordered structure. The results demonstrate a promising 2,5-difluorobenzene effect being responsible for shorter C-H…F contacts than would normally be expected. An understanding of the relationships between F/H atom permutations in substituted difluorobenzenes is realised with the influence of fluorine substitution patterns on molecular aggregation rationalised in a series of twelve isomers. 16 Scheme 1 The (26) F 2 -xx and xx-F 2 isomer grids.

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The synthesis and spectroscopic characterisation of six bis(5-X-pyridine-2-yl)isophthalamides (X = H, F, Br, Cl, I, NO2) are reported, together with five crystal structure analyses (for X = H, F to I). The isophthalamides span a range of conformations as syn/anti (H-DIP; I-DIP), anti/anti- (F-DIP; Br-DIP) and with both present in ratio 2:1 in Cl-DIP. The essentially isostructural F-DIP and Br-DIP molecules (using strong amide…amide interactions) aggregate into 2D molecular sheets that align with either F/H or Br atoms at the sheet surfaces (interfaces), respectively. Sheets are linked by weak C-H⋯F contacts in F-DIP and by Br⋯Br halogen bonding interactions as a ‘wall of bromines’ at the Br atom rich interfaces in Br-DIP. Cl-DIP is an unusual crystal structure incorporating both syn/anti and anti/anti molecular conformations in the asymmetric unit (Z’ = 3). The I-DIP•½(H2O) hemihydrate structure has a water molecule residing on a twofold axis between two I-DIPs and has hydrogen and N⋯I (Nc = 0.88) halogen bonding. The hydrate is central to an unusual synthon and involved in six hydrogen bonding interactions/contacts. Contact enrichment analysis on the Hirshfeld surface demonstrates that F-DIP, Cl-DIP and Br-DIP have especially over-represented halogen···halogen interactions. With the F-DIP, Cl-DIP and Br-DIP molecules having an elongated skeleton, the formation of layers of halogen atoms in planes perpendicular to the long unit cell axis occurs in the crystal packings. All six DIPs were analysed by ab initio calculations and conformational analysis; comparisons are made between their minimized structures and the five crystal structures. In addition, physicochemical properties are compared and assessed.

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Six meta-substituted isophthalamide diesters (DxE) and pyridinedicarboxamides (PxE) are reported with spectroscopic and crystal structure analyses (D = meta-C6H4; P = meta-pyridine; xE = 2-/3-/4-ethyl ester substitution). Comparisons are made between the solid-state and minimised structures from ab initio computational calculations. The six compounds are potentially useful ligands for metal-complex coordination, spanning a range of molecular conformations. D2E adopts a planar molecular structure, as influenced by the C-H⋯O intramolecular interactions with all 34 nonhydrogen atoms within 0.1 Å of the D2E mean molecular plane. Extensive intermolecular ring⋯ring stacking arises with the shortest interplanar C⋯C of 3.372(2) Å. For D3E (Z′ = 4) and D4E, the hierarchy of intermolecular interactions is the determining factor driving the crystal structure formation with concomitant twinning, as influenced by the weaker interactions. In the pyridine-related P2E, the O1W water molecule (site occupancy = 0.441(5)) forms four hydrogen bonds, as follows: (i) O1W−H⋯O=C, (ii) O1W−H⋯π(arene) and (iii) two aromaticC−H⋯O1W. The meta- and para-substituted PxE·2(H2O) structures (x = 3 or 4) adopt open conformations with pairs of hydrogen-bonded water molecules located in molecular niches between the flanking benzamide ester groups. The Hirshfeld surface, two-dimensional fingerprint plots and contact enrichment ratio were investigated to statistically analyse the different types of intermolecular interactions.