Background:Oral habits such as alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing are considered to be initiators of dysplastic changes in the oral mucosa.Aim:The aim of this study was to determine and compare the alteration in apparently normal buccal mucosal cells due to effect of alcohol and tobacco by assessing silver-stained nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) and micronuclei.Materials and Methods:The study comprised a total of 100 subjects which were divided into four groups with 25 subjects having alcohol consuming habit, 25 subjects were tobacco consumer, 25 were both alcohol and tobacco consumer and 25 formed control group who neither consumed alcohol nor tobacco. Two cytological smears were taken from each subject with the help of cytological brush. The smear was then wet fixed and stained with AgNOR and acridine orange staining technique and assessed for nucleolar organiser region and micronuclei count respectively. 500 cells per slide were counted to note the changes.Results:Mann-Whitney test was applied to assess the variation in the number of AgNORs and micronuclei count between different groups. Cytological changes in each group revealed the increase in mean AgNORs and micronuclei count in subjects with combined alcohol and tobacco consumption when compared with individual groups.Conclusions:Tobacco and alcohol consumption produce alteration in apparently normal buccal mucosal cells, which may cumulatively lead to carcinomatous changes. Result of these changes may be used as educational tool in cessation of habits.
Management of transport is highly fragmented in cities in India. Several agencies of the government are involved with some aspects of urban transport planning and often do not interact adequately to ensure that they are not working at cross-purposes. The government of India has, therefore, recommended that every city with a population of more than one million should set up a unified metropolitan transport authority (UMTA) to ensure proper coordination and integration of transport plans. This paper reviews the early initiatives taken in some cities and presents the strengths and weaknesses of the approach adopted. The focus of these early initiatives has been guided by the need to bring all concerned agencies together rather than set up new entities or carry out any major restructuring of existing institutions. This initial move seems to be a good one in the context of the well-established governance and administrative system in India. However, there is a need to ensure that the UMTA is not dependent on the interests of a single individual and is not weakened by change of personnel. For this to happen, the UMTA needs to be given a definite role in some matters, one of which would be the final authority to approve large projects and allocate funds for them. Subsequent efforts should be toward converting the UMTA into a full-fledged agency to take charge of all urban transport matters.
At the start shrinking of body is explained by citing article of Louise Atkinson in which she says your body is one incredibly shrinking one from your brain to your heart -almost everything gets smaller with age. Present article also argues around the concept of shrinkage and its correlation to locally acquired wisdom. Pain in back and neck is described in relation to shrinking of muscles. Brain shrinkage and bony shrinkage is discussed along with measures to prevent it. Heart shrinkage (John Hopkins study) is linked to chest wall shrinkage (community acquired knowledge) through anatomical continuity between heart and thoracic wall. Results of study conducted to assess various aging parameters reveals that chest wall including its attached muscles shrinks towards the core of body i.e. heart and finally article discusses the clinical implications of the ageing phenomenon in backache, sympathetic activation, cardiovascular aging and dietary habits. Cardiovascular aging is described in detail in reference to recent Cedars Sinai hospital study of cardio-sphere derived stem cells and reversal of aging process.
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