The precise characterization of post translational modifications (PTMs) is important for the understanding of protein regulatory mechanisms and their role in disease. However, experimental studies on PTMs, especially with multifunctional proteins are difficult to follow and investigate. Bioinformatic tools are therefore helpful in predicting key protein modifications. To study the role of PTMs in claudin proteins, specifically claudin-1, -3 and -4 in the onset or progression of human cancers, we performed an in silico study of various PTMs and investigated their interplay. Given that the activity of claudins is known to be influenced by two types of PTMs, specifically palmitoylation and kinase- dependent phosphorylation, we predicted two conserved regions in the topological domains of claudin-1, -3 and -4 as potential palmitoylation sites. Furthermore, conserved phosphorylation residues, which may be targets for kinases and can alter claudin's ability to maintain the integrity of tight junctions, were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest O-glycosylation of claudin proteins, as well as a potential novel interplay between phosphorylation and O-glycosylation at Yin Yang sites. Thus, our findings may facilitate the production of anti-cancer drugs, and suggest that novel therapeutic strategies should target post translational events.
Abstract. Murree and Ayubia hills are parts of the lower Himalaya Mountain range in Pakistan. The rocks of these hills are younger and mostly limestone in nature. In this study, geomicrobiological investigation of the selected samples collected from Murree and Ayubia hills was carried out. The rock samples were spread on nutrient agar plates and endolithic and epilithic bacteria were isolated on the basis of colony morphology and studied further. All the isolates were screened for different industrially important hydrolytic enzymes. Study isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These endoliths and epiliths were assayed for antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates S. aureus, P. aeuroginosa and E. coli. Total 31 bacterial isolates were recovered of which 15 were endolithic and 16 were epilithic. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed major culturable groups colonizing these rocks were clustered in four major groups, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes which inlcude Alcaligenes, Lysinibacillus, Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas, Pusillimonas, Streptomyces, Fluviicola, Serratia, Flavobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and Brevindomonas species. The sequences were deposited in NCBI for acquisition of accession numbers. The bacterial isolates were efficient producers of oxidase, catalase, protease, amylase and gelatinase. The endolithic isolates N4 (Pseudomonas sp. KT223616) and N28 (Streptomyces sp. KT004386) exhibited good activity against all the three clinically isolated target strains. The study revealed the rocks of Murree and Ayubia hills have a rich microbial ecology that besides having an important role in weathering and mineralization processes may also be potential source of biotechnological applications.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.