A retrospective survey of renal cell carcinoma between 1975 and 1993 at eight collaborating institutions was conducted with special reference to the incidental detection and mortality of renal cancer. The analysis demonstrated a recent dramatic increase in the frequency of incidental renal cancer, which now comprises two-thirds of all renal cancers, and a simultaneous recession in nonincidental or suspected renal cancer. Incidental renal cancer has remained unchanged during the last decade as far as patient demographics, occasion and method of detection, and the degree of tumor extension are concerned. On the other hand, the annual number of deaths from renal cancer has significantly decreased, and kidney-sparing surgery has been more frequently performed. These results indicate that incidental renal cancers are now in the majority, and earlier detection may contribute to improving the mortality and morbidity from the disease as a whole.Int J Urol 1995;2:77-80
Orientational photorefractive Bragg diffraction is observed in high- and low-molar-mass liquid crystal mixtures doped with fullerene (C60). These novel materials are in a nematic phase without phase separating. In the functionalized materials, we observe a high two-beam coupling gain coefficient (Γ=75 cm−1) with a low applied field of 4 V/μm, low total losses (32 cm−1 including scattering, reflection, and absorption), a high diffraction efficiency (9%), and response time of 200 ms.
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