ABSTRACT. The genus Theobroma, recently reclassified in the family Malvaceae, comprises some species with high economic potential, including the cupuí, Theobroma subincanum Mart., which has not yet been domesticated, and whose genetics and population structure are mostly unknown. This study aimed to assess the population structure and genetic diversity in natural populations of T. subincanum Mart., using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 59 individuals were sampled in three geographically separate populations, CFA, CMN, and CPT. Nei's genetic distance was estimated to characterize populations with the use of 13 polymorphic primers. The analysis of 4999 ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 12 (4): 4998-5006 (2013) Genetic diversity in Theobroma subincana Mart. molecular variance revealed that the variability between populations (51.71%) was higher than that within populations (48.29%). Among the three populations, CPT showed the highest diversity index and percentage of polymorphism. The ISSR molecular markers were efficient and presented sufficient polymorphism to estimate genetic diversity in populations of T. subincanum Mart.

Structural chromosomal aberrations can occur spontaneously in plant karyotypes as a result of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These aberrations may affect sporophyte fitness because fundamental genes involved with distinct morphogenic process may be lost. Inadequate development of flowers and anomalous fruits without seeds has been observed in plants of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) ‘BHG 160’ of the tomato germplasm bank (Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil). The nuclear DNA content, quantified by flow cytometry, showed that mutant ‘BHG 160’ possesses 0.09 pg (4.59%) less nuclear DNA content than does the wild-type ‘BGH 160’. Improved cytogenetical preparations evidenced that this difference was due to a spontaneous terminal deficiency in the short arm of the mutant ‘BGH 160’ Chromosome 1. These results suggest that the genes encoded in the short arm of Chromosome 1 may be involved in the development of flowers and fruits in the tomato.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as características florais de oito cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo e identificar seus polinizadores, bem como avaliar a influência da polinização natural na qualidade dos frutos, na região de Tangará da Serra, MT. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições e uma flor por parcela para avaliar a morfometria, e com quatro repetições e cinco flores por cultivar para determinar o índice de frutificação. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: morfologia e morfometria floral, longevidade floral, frequência de visitantes florais, índice de frutificação natural e qualidade de fruto. A morfologia e a morfometria das flores foram compatíveis com a polinização por abelhas de grande porte; também foram compatíveis com a polinização por abelhas de médio porte nas cultivares IAC-275-Maravilha, IAC-277-Jóia, BRS SC1, BRS RC e BRS GA1. A maior longevidade floral foi observada nas cultivares IAC-277-Jóia, BRS GA1, BRS RC e BRS OV1. A frequência de abelhas como Xylocopa (2,0%) e Bombus (3,9%) foi baixa, e 'BRS GA1' recebeu o maior número de visitas destas abelhas. O índice de frutificação natural foi baixo (36,67%). Os frutos de polinização natural apresentam características físicas compatíveis com as exigidas pelo mercado consumidor.Termos para indexação: Passiflora edulis, abelhas silvestres, longevidade, morfometria, polinização natural. Floral traits and pollinators on fruit quality of sour passion fruit cultivarsAbstract - The objective of this work was to determine the floral traits of eight cultivars of sour passion fruit and identify their pollinators, as well as to evaluate the influence of natural pollination on fruit quality, in the region of Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil. A completely randomized experimental design was carried out, with ten replicates and one flower per plot to evaluate morphometry, and with four replicates and five flowers per cultivar to determine the fruiting rate. The following parameters were evaluated: flower morphology and morphometry, flower longevity, frequency of floral visitors, natural fruiting rate, and fruit quality. Flower morphology and morphometry were compatible with pollination by large-size bees; they were also compatible with pollination by medium-size bees for the cultivars IAC-275-Maravilha, IAC-277-Jóia, BRS SC1, BRS RC, and BRS GA1. The greatest flower longevity was observed for the IAC-277-Jóia, BRS GA1, BRS RC, and BRS OV1 cultivars. The frequency of bees as Xylocopa (2.0%) and Bombus (3.9%) was low, and 'BRS GA1' received the highest number of these bee visits. Natural fruiting rate was low (36.67%). Naturally pollinated fruit show physical traits compatible with those required by the market standards.

-Pyroligneous fraction from wood carbonization can be used for several purposes. In this sense, this study aimed to test a pyroligneous liquor extracted during carbonization of forest residues for the vegetative development of the orchid Oeceoclades maculata. The concentrations of pyroligneous liquor used in the treatments were T1 = 0 mL L . These treatments were tested together with and without activated charcoal for in vitro and ex vitro propagation. In vitro developed protocorms were assessed according to development or not, the presence of fungus, leaves, and roots. For ex vitro evaluations, leaf size, size, the number of roots, total plant height, and the number of buds were assessed. Possible differences between treatments were tested by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test at 5% significance. The use of pyroligneous liquor at low doses was significant in vegetative tissue development as well as for root and leaf formations in O. maculata seedlings since it presents all the essential mineral elements to the structural development of these plants. Keywords:Orchid. Vegetative propagation. Pyroligneous acid. USO DO LICOR PIROLENHOSO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS IN VITRO E EX VITRO DEOeceoclades maculata (Lindl). Lindl.RESUMO -A fração pirolenhosa obtida com a carbonização da madeira pode ser utilizada para diversos fins. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo testar o licor pirolenhoso extraído durante o processo de carbonização de resíduos florestais no desenvolvimento vegetativo da orquídea Oeceoclades maculata. As concentrações do licor pirolenhoso utilizadas nos tratamentos foram: T1 = 0 ml.L -1 , T2 = 1 ml.L -1 , T3 = 2 ml.L -1 , T4 = 3 ml.L -1 , T5 = 4 ml.L -1 e T6 = 5 ml.L -1 , esses tratamentos foram testas com e sem carvão ativado no desenvolvimento in vitro e ex vitro da orquídea. As seguintes características dos protocórmos desenvolvidos in vitro foram avaliadas: com fungo, sem desenvolvimento, em desenvolvimento, presença de folhas e raízes. Para o desenvolvimento ex vitro foram avaliados: Tamanho das folhas, tamanho e número de raízes, altura total da planta, quantidade de gemas. Possíveis diferenças entre os tratamentos foram testada por meio de Análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. O uso do licor pirolenhoso em dosagem pequenas mostrou-se significativo no desenvolvimento dos tecidos vegetativos e na formação radicular e foliar de Oeceoclades maculata, uma vez que apresenta todos os elementos minerais essenciais ao desenvolvimento estrutural da planta.Palavras-Chave: Orquídea. Propagação vegetativa. Ácido pirolenhoso.

No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da salinidade sobre a germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de Ochroma pyramidale através de três agentes osmóticos (NaCl, CaCl2 e KCl), em dois experimentos. No primeiro, foi avaliado o estresse salino na germinação em esquema fatorial de 3 x 6, utilizando NaCl, CaCl2 e KCl, e seis potenciais osmóticos (0,0; -0,1; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa). No segundo experimento, estudou-se o crescimento inicial de plântulas, utilizando os mesmos agentes osmóticos, em quatro potenciais osmóticos (0,0; -0,1; -0,2 e -0,3 MPa), no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso esquema fatorial 3 x 4. O efeito da salinidade interferiu na germinação de sementes O. pyramidale, havendo redução à medida que os potenciais se tornaram mais negativos à produção de massa seca de plântula, percentual de germinação e velocidade do processo germinativo. No potencial osmótico de -0,8 MPa, ocorreu inibição total, evidenciando que o CaCl2 apresentou um efeito inibitório mais acentuado que o NaCl, seguido pelo KCl. No desenvolvimento de plantas, o NaCl provocou maior sensibilidade, comparando-se ao CaCl2 nos maiores potenciais osmóticos.Palavras-chave: Pau-de-balsa; germinabilidade; potencial osmótico; estresse salino. EFFECT OF SALINITY IN THE GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF Ochroma pyramidale SEEDLINGS ABSTRACT: In the present study, the effect of salinity on seed germination and post-seminal development of Ochroma pyramidale was evaluated through three osmotic agents (NaCl, CaCl2 and KCl) in two experiments. In the first experiment, salt stress in germination was evaluated in a factorial scheme 3 x 6, using NaCl, CaCl2 and KCl; and six osmotic potentials (0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). In the second experiment, the initial development of plants, using the same osmotic agents, was studied in four osmotic potentials (0.0; -0.1; -0.2 and -0.3 MPa), in a completely randomized design 3 x 4 factorial scheme. The effect of salinity interfered on the germination of O. pyramidale seeds, with reduction as the potentials became more negative for the production of dry seedling mass, percentage of germination and germination speed. In the osmotic potential of -0.8 MPa, total inhibition occurred, evidencing that CaCl2 had a stronger inhibitory effect than NaCl, followed by KCl. In the development of plants, NaCl caused greater sensitivity when compared to CaCl2 in the highest osmotic potentials.Keywords: Pau-de-Balsa wood; germinability; osmotic potential; saline stress.

Fungi are the main microorganisms present in seeds, constituting the main cause of deterioration and production losses. Among the health testing methodologies for detecting fungi in seeds, incubation tests under controlled conditions facilitate fungal growth and sporulation. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of pyroligneous extract in the control of phytopathogenic fungi occurring in Schizolobium amazonicum seeds. Treatments consisted of exposure of seeds to pyroligneous extract for a period of five minutes at concentrations (0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 12.5%). The treated seeds were placed in Petri dishes, lined with two sheets of filter paper, moistened with sterile distilled water. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 7 treatments, with 9 seeds per plate and 10 replications per treatment, totaling 630 seeds arranged in 7 Petri dishes. The evaluation was performed 8 days later, with the aid of stereoscopic and light microscopy, where the fungal growth in each seed in the plates was verified for the incidence calculation and then the identification of these. Pyroligneous extract was found to be efficient in reducing the fungal incidence of the genera Fusarium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp., fungi considered important plant pathogens that could compromise seed quality and seedling establishment in the field. It also reduced the incidence of storage fungi capable of causing seed deterioration and consequent loss of vigor, such as Aspergillus spp. occurring in seed samples of S. amazonicum. However, Penicillium sp was not controlled by treatment of S. amazonicum seeds with pyroligneous extract up to 12.5% concentration.

RESUMO Citogenética e identificação da região organizadora nucleolar em Heliconia bihai (L.) L.O gênero Heliconia é pouco estudado e o número de espécies existentes é incerto, compreendendo entre 150 e 250 espécies. No Brasil, cerca de 40 espécies ocorrem naturalmente e são conhecidas por vários nomes. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a caracterização morfométrica e a identificação da NOR (regiões organizadoras de nucléolos ativos), pelo bandeamento Ag-NOR dos cromossomos de Heliconia bihai (L.) L. Foram utilizados meristemas radiculares, submetidos ao tratamento de bloqueio em solução de amiprofos-metil (APM), fixados em solução de (metanol-ácido acético), por, no mínimo, 24 horas. Os meristemas foram lavados em água destilada e submetidos à digestão enzimática, com a enzima pectinase. As lâminas foram confeccionadas por dissociação do meristema radicular, secadas ao ar e, em seguida, em placa aquecedora, a 50 ºC. Subsequentemente, algumas lâminas foram submetidas ao corante Giemsa 5%, para confecção do cariótipo, e à solução de nitrato de prata (AgNO 3 ) 50%, para o bandeamento Ag-NOR. A espécie H. bihai apresenta 2n = 22 cromossomos, quatro pares de cromossomos submetacêntricos e sete pares de cromossomos metacêntricos, classificados de médio a curtos (3.96 à 0.67 µm), com presença de NOR ativa nos pares (1 e 2) e células interfásicas com dois nucléolos. Estas características são de espécie diploide.Palavras-chave: AgNO 3 , amiprofos-metil, cariótipo, heliconeaceae, morfometria. Cytogenetic and identification of the nucleolus organizer region inHeliconia bihai (L.) L. 1The genus Heliconia is not much studied and the number of existing species in this genus is still uncertain. It is known that this number relies between 150 to 250 species. In Brazil, about 40 species are native and known by many different names. The objective of this paper was to characterize morphometrically and to identify the NOR (active nucleolus organizer regions) by Ag-NOR banding of chromosomes of Heliconia bihai (L) L. Root meristems were submitted to blocking treatment in an amiprofos-methyl (APM) solution, fixed in methanol-acetic acid solution for 24 hours, at least. The meristems were washed in distilled water and submitted to enzymatic digestion with pectinase enzyme. The slides were prepared by dissociation of the root meristem, dried in the air and also on hot plate at 50°C. Subsequently, some slides were submitted to 5% Giemsa stain for karyotype construction and to a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) 50% for Ag-NOR banding. The species H. bihai has 2n = 22 chromosomes, 4 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and 7 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, and graded medium to short (3.96 to 0.67 µM), with the presence of active NOR in pairs 1 and 2 and interphase cells with 2 nucleoli. These are the features of a diploid species.

This paper aims to study the cytogenetic characterization of Cattleya nobilior species and C. bowringiana and hybrids of orchids C. violacea type C. granulosa, C. violacea type C. harrisoniae perola, and C. violacea type C. nobilior amaliae. Cattleya nobilior has 2n=2x=30 metacentric chromosomes, with size ranging from 0.54 to 1.58 µm and an active NOR in the first chromosome pair, and C. bowringiana has 2n=2x=34 metacentric chromosomes, from 0.38 to 1.46 µm of size and an active NOR in the first chromosome pair. As for the hybrids, C. violacea type C. harrisoniae pérola has 2n=2x=32 metacentric chromosomes, with size from 0.47 to 1.73 µm and an active NOR in the second chromosome pair, C. violacea type C. nobilior amaliae has 2n=2x=66 metacentric chromosomes, with size between 0.22 to 1.48 µm and active NORs in chromosome pairs 1 and 3, and C. violacea type C. granulosa with 2n=2x=86 metacentric chromosomes, with size from 0.26 to 1.56 µm and an active NOR in chromosome pairs 3 and 23.