Terminalia sericea Burch. ex. DC. (Combretaceae) is a popular remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases. It is widely prescribed by traditional healers and sold at informal markets and may be a good candidate for commercialisation. For this to be realised, a thorough phytochemical and bioactivity profile is required to identify constituents that may be associated with the antibacterial activity and hence the quality of raw materials and consumer products. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemistry and identify the antibacterial constituents of T. sericea root bark, using a metabolomic approach. The chemical profiles and antibacterial activities of 42 root bark samples collected from three districts in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, were evaluated. Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) extracts were analysed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS), and chemometric models were constructed from the aligned data. The extracts were tested against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12223), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Shigella sonnei (ATCC 9292) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), using the minimum inhibition microdilution assay. Nine compounds; sericic acid, sericoside, resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid dilactone, methyl-flavogallonate, quercetin-3-(2′′-galloylrhamnoside), resveratrol-3-(6′′-galloyl)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and arjunetin, were isolated from the root bark. All the compounds, with the exception of sericic acid, sericoside and resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, were isolated for the first time from the root bark of T. sericea. Chemometric analysis revealed clustering that was not population specific, and the presence of three groupings within the samples, characterised by sericic acid, sericoside and an unidentified compound (m/z 682/4.66 min), respectively. The crude extracts from different populations displayed varied antibacterial activities against S. typhimurium (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 0.25–1.0 mg/mL), but similar activity towards Bacillus cereus (1.0 mg/mL). Several compounds present in the root bark were highly active towards all or most of the pathogens tested, but this activity was not reflected by the chemical profiles of extracts prepared from the individual samples. Among the pure compounds tested, only flavogallonic acid dilactone and methyl-flavogallonate exhibited broad-spectrum activity. A biochemometric analysis indicated that there was no consistent association between the levels of phytochemicals and the activity of the active or non-active extracts. Although it was deduced that the major constituents of T. sericea root bark contributed to the chemotypic variation, further investigation of the interactions of compounds present in the root bark may provide antibacterial efficacies not evident when examining compounds singularly. The data reported herein will provide information that is fundamentally important for the development of quality control protocols.

Background: The Vhembe region of the Limpopo province has a rich tradition of medicinal plants use. Traditionally, boiled roots of Ziziphus mucronata are used in the treatment of boils, general swelling and other skin infections. A combination of leaf paste and root infusion treats measles, dysentery, chest complains, and gland swelling. Pterocarpus angolensis is famous for the treatment of menorrhagia, infertility in women, wounds and pain management. The purpose of the present study was to compare the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory potential and anti-microbial activities of Ziziphus mucronata and Pterocarpus angolensis from the Vhembe region. Method: U937, MeWo, Vero and RAW 264.7 cells were treated to various concentrations (50, 100, or 125 or 250 μg/ml depending on assays) of Ziziphus mucronata and Pterocarpus angolensis. Cytotoxicity assay was done using MTT; Antiinflammatory activity was assessed using NO production; Anti-bacterial activity was done using the Micro-Broth dilution method and Anti-mycobacteria activity was determined using the Alamar Blue Method while RT activity was measured by ELISA. Results: Cytotoxicity results showed that Pterocarpus was more toxic than Ziziphus as observed in the Vero and MeWo cells; however both displayed toxicity towards a Human cancer cell line. Both extracts did not inhibit nitrate production but induced significant increase in macrophage activation. The plant extracts have shown anti-tuberculosis activity at concentrations >500 μg/ml and there was moderation inhibition of HIV replication. Conclusions: The results obtained indicated that the extracts have pro-inflammatory properties, and the observed toxicity on malignant cell lines must be investigated further for promising anti-cancer drug therapy.

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In this study, the chemical profile of a crude methanol extract of Rauvolfia caffra Sond was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography were used to isolate three indole alkaloids (raucaffricine, N-methylsarpagine and spegatrine) and one triterpenoid (lupeol). The antiplasmodial activity was determined using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. The UPLC-MS profile of the crude extract reveals that the major constituents of R. caffra are raucaffricine (m/z 513.2) and spegatrine (m/z 352.2). Fraction 3 displayed the highest antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 of 6.533 μg/mL. However, raucaffricine, isolated from the active fraction did not display any activity. The study identifies the major constituents of R. caffra and also demonstrates that the major constituents do not contribute to the antiplasmodial activity of R. caffra.

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of B. salicina. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of B. salicina were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of α-glucose, β-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, d-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 41.7263 ± 7.6401 μg/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC0.5 value of 0.1481 ± 0.1441 μg/mL. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of B. salicina. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of Breonadia salicina, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.

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The aim of our study was to synthesize novel chromone-3-carboxamides and to conduct biological evaluations in search for lead compounds for the treatment of a range of debilitating disease states. Corresponding 2hydroxyacetophenones were subjected to Vilsmeier-Haack formylation to give chromone-3-carbaldehydes, which were subsequently oxidised to give chromone-3-carboxylic acids. Treatment of the carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride resulted in the in situ formation of the corresponding acid chlorides, which were reacted with various amines in the presence of triethylamine to give the corresponding novel chromone-3-carboxamides in good yields. Selected chromone derivatives were then evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, antitryponosomal and cytotoxic properties.