Contagious yawning has been suggested to be a potential signal of empathy in non-human animals. However, few studies have been able to robustly test this claim. Here, we ran a Bayesian multilevel reanalysis of six studies of contagious yawning in dogs. This provided robust support for claims that contagious yawning is present in dogs, but found no evidence that dogs display either a familiarity or gender bias in contagious yawning, two predictions made by the contagious yawning–empathy hypothesis. Furthermore, in an experiment testing the prosociality bias, a novel prediction of the contagious yawning–empathy hypothesis, dogs did not yawn more in response to a prosocial demonstrator than to an antisocial demonstrator. As such, these strands of evidence suggest that contagious yawning, although present in dogs, is not mediated by empathetic mechanisms. This calls into question claims that contagious yawning is a signal of empathy in mammals.

In today's globalized economy, more people are migrating to work and live in foreign countries as sojourners or immigrants. Biases against the foreign born can be blatant or subtle. We examined the phenomenon of the glass ceiling, a more subtle form of unequal treatment of the foreign born, for first-generation Asian American scientists in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, drawing from a study of their career aspirations, strategies, and challenges. Based on in-depth interviews, we identified 4 categories of career aspirations that shed light on their desire to pursue management and leadership positions in American research and development (R&D) organizations. We found that few Asian-Born American (ABA) scientists sought purely managerial careers. But 38% aspired to be executives while involved in scientific research. Further analysis suggested that ABA scientists saw a glass ceiling and identified its causes. Surprisingly, 1 key cause was the scientists themselves. We develop a Glass Ceiling model for the foreign born to frame future research and managerial approaches for leadership development of these R&D scientists.

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Purpose The social media industry has entered a new stage with intensifying competition and heightened uncertainty about future directions. The purpose of this paper is to provide analyses of the current challenges and to identify industry-wide trends that may offer a roadmap for the future. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on publicly available key performance metrics, company reports and press reports, this paper offers critical analyses of the challenges facing the major social media platforms and new trends in the social media industry. Findings This study identified five major trends in the current social media industry: 1) content is king, and that content is moving to visual; 2) artificial intelligence is key to competitive advantage; 3) network effects still matter, but business model innovation can overcome that barrier; 4) the need to broaden revenue sources; and 5) the strive for the everything app. In this changing environment, social media companies need to adapt and innovate their business models proactively to stay ahead. Originality/value This paper not only sheds light on the current challenges of individual social media platforms but also identifies industry-wide trends that may apply across all platforms. Taken together, these insights paint a comprehensive picture of the current industry landscape, as well as offer clues about its future directions.

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