The N-terminal basic arm of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) coat protein (CP) contains a conserved arginine-rich motif, which is characteristic of RNA binding proteins of several plant and nonplant viruses. To identify regions of the CMV CP N-terminus that are essential for interacting with viral genomic RNA, a comprehensive set of mutations was engineered into biologically active clones of CMV RNA3 and the behavior of each variant with respect to infectivity, packaging and movement was examined. Biological assays conducted in Chenopodium quinoa (local lesion host) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemic host) revealed that variants lacking either 12 N-proximal amino acids or a region containing four consecutive arginine residues of the CP N-terminus were competent for assembly into virions and remained infectious in plants. Interestingly, two other variants, lacking either 19 N-proximal amino acids or a domain containing a cluster of six arginines in the arginine-rich motif, were incompetent for virion assembly but retained the ability to move cell to cell. Taken together, these results indicate that a major portion of the N-terminal basic arm of CMV CP is dispensable for CP-RNA interactions and also establish that CMV can move cell to cell in a nonvirion form. The distinctive role played by the viral CP in movement and specifically, the extent to which the CP N-terminal basic arm is involved in the infection cycle of CMV are discussed.
Objective To analyse prospectively the incidence of nent children (only 6%, CBCL). In contrast, from the children's subjective appraisal, there were no signifibehavioural disorders and the subjective views of children with urge incontinence (defined by detrusor cant diCerences in concepts, explanations and implications of wetting; 79% of urge incontinent children instability, sudden urge symptoms and frequent micturitions) and voiding postponement (characterized by and 64% of those postponing voiding suCered emotionally from the adverse eCects of wetting. Only a minority delayed micturition in typical situations and a low voiding frequency) according to an identical protocol (3% vs. 6%) saw any advantages at all. Conclusion Children with voiding postponement had a in a paediatric and a child psychiatric unit. Patients and method Ninety-four consecutive or ransignificantly higher incidence of behavioural problems, especially expansive/externalizing behaviour, 3-4 domly selected children aged 5.0-10.9 years with either voiding postponement (52) or urge incontinence times higher than in the normal population. Children with urge incontinence had a significantly lower inci-(42) were examined prospectively using an intelligence test (CFT1 or CFT20), the Child Behaviour Checklist dence of behavioural problems, mainly emotional/ internalizing behaviour, that was only slightly higher (CBCL 4/18), the ICD-10 child psychiatric diagnoses and a structured interview.(1-2 times) than that in the normal population. Because of selection, similar trends but lower inciResults In the groups from both centres combined, those postponing voiding had a significantly higher incidences were found in the paediatric setting, with very few problems among urge incontinent children. In dence of externalizing behavioural symptoms (31% vs. 8%; P<0.01) and total problems (37% vs. 13%; contrast, the children's subjective views did not diCer; disadvantages associated with emotional suCering P<0.05) in the clinical range (CBCL), and a higher rate of at least one ICD-10 child psychiatric diagnosis were reported by all children.
th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and GynecologyPoster abstracts outlet right ventricle, premature closure of the foramen ovale and a levoatrial cardinal vein draining into the innominate vein. In a prior study performed elsewhere the levoatrial cardinal vein had been interpreted as an aortic arch perfused retrogradely, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome had been diagnosed. Prenatal management, induction at 38 weeks and postnatal studies and treatment are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prenatal diagnosis of this embryological vessel, presenting a potential pitfall for prenatal echocardiography. P302A trial septal aneurysm in the fetus. Incidence, prenatal findings and postnatal significance
To determine if the movement proteins (MPs) of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) are complementary in function, transgenic plants expressing genes encoding TMV or CMV MP were inoculated with movement-defective mutants of TMV and CMV. Transgenic plants expressing the MP gene of CMV strain S (subgroup II) complemented the cell-to-cell and systemic spread of a movement-defective mutant of CMV strain Fny (subgroup I) but not the local or systemic spread of a movement-defective mutant of TMV. Plants that contained the MP gene from CMV-S were not resistant to wild-type TMV infection. When inoculated with a movement-defective mutant of TMV that produced beta-glucuronidase, transgenic plants with the CMV MP gene supported only subliminal infection. Conversely, immunodetection and in situ localization techniques revealed that transgenic plants accumulating the TMV MP supported cell-to-cell spread, but not systemic transport, of a movement-defective CMV. These studies suggest that the transgenic TMV MP shares some of the functions with the CMV MP required to transport CMV, whereas the transgenic CMV MP is deficient in functions that are needed to mobilize the spread of TMV infection.
To evaluate the extent to which brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat protein (CP) gene is involved in the process of cell-to-cell movement. Chenopodium quinoa plants were coinoculated with BMV wild-type RNAs 1 and 2 and a RNA3 variant containing either the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene in place of CP (B3/CP-GUS), to be subjected to GUS analysis, or a deletion in the CP gene to be analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Irrespective of time postinoculation, GUS expressed from the subgenomic mRNA of B3/CP-GUS was restricted to initially infected, single epidermal cells. The defective cell-to-cell movement exhibited by B3/CP-GUS was not complemented in trans when transcripts of B3 delta MP, a RNA3 variant capable of synthesizing functional wt CP but not movement protein (MP), were added to the inoculum. Application of FISH, a technique versatile in discriminating subliminal infections from efficient cell-to-cell spread in nonpermissive and permissive hosts, respectively, to leaves inoculated with BMV RNA3 variants defective in CP synthesis, confirmed that the resulting infections were subliminal. These data provide direct evidence for the requirement of an encapsidation-competent CP to be expressed in conjunction with a functional MP for efficient cell-to-cell spread of BMV.
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