Fractionated gemtuzumab ozogamicin and standard dose cytarabine produced prolonged second remissions in patients over the age of 55 years with acute myeloid leukemia in late first relapse Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (fGO), a humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody linked to calicheamicin in combination with intensive chemotherapy gives high response rates in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in relapse. However, reduced intensity chemotherapy in combination with fractionated GO has not been tested in aged relapsing patients. Patients from our institution with CD331 AML aged 55 years or more in first late relapse ( 6 months) were proposed participation in a GO compassionate use program. Induction therapy consisted in fractionated GO (fGO; 3 mg/m 2 , days 1, 4, 7) with standard-dose cytarabine (200 mg/m 2 /day, 7 days). Patients were consolidated with two courses of GO and intermediate dose cytarabine. Twenty-four patients (median age 68 years) received fGO with cytarabine. Median follow-up was 42 months. The response rate was 75%, including complete remission (CR) in 16 patients and CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) in two patients. Two-year overall survival (OS) was 51% (95% CI: 28-69) and 2 years relapse-free survival (RFS) was 51% (95%CI: 25-72). Duration of second CR (CR2) was longer than first CR (CR1) in 9 out of 18 patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was negative in evaluable patients in CR2, particularly in NPM1 mutated cases. Toxicity was in line with that of the same fractionated single agent GO schedule. Fractionated GO with low intensity chemotherapy produced high response rates and prolonged CR2 in aged AML patients in first late relapse.
Summary. We report three cases of typical aplastic anaemia (AA) associated with a Philadelphia chromosome. This translocation was detected at the time of diagnosis of AA (one patient) and when overt leukaemia was diagnosed (two patients: one chronic myeloid leukaemia and one acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) after AA therapy and recovery of blood counts. We discuss the literature arguments about considering some cases of AA as preleukaemic disorders and suggest that our cases illustrate the association of AA with a clonal malignant disorder. We conclude that cytogenetic analysis is necessary at diagnosis of AA or after recovery of blood counts.
Introduction: AML with multilineage dysplasia (MLD) are included in the WHO subset of "AML with myelodysplasia-related changes" (AML-MRC), together with AML arising from previous MDS or AML with MDS-related cytogenetic abnormalities. In the WHO classification, MLD is defined by dysplasia in at least 50% of the cells in at least two bone marrow (BM) myeloid cell lines. On the other hand, some genetically defined AML subgroups are specifically associated with morphologic changes, but close correlations do not exist for most of these entities. We searched for correlations between BM dysplasia and molecular aberrations in de novo AML patients included in 2 ALFA clinical trials Methods: BM cytomorphology was retrospectively reassessed in 192 patients with de novo AML (excluding CBF-AML), aged 18 to 70 enrolled in ALFA-0702 (n=123) and ALFA-0701 (n=69) clinical trials in 5 centers. 4 distinct morphologists performed the analysis from BM smears. Dysmegakaryopoiesis (DM), dyserythropoiesis (DE) and dysgranulopoiesis (DG) were quantified (respectively on 30, 200 and 200 cells) using 22 criteria designed by GFHC, which allow better evaluation of cytoplasmic and nuclear dysplasia in all BM lineages. Dysplasia was also evaluated using WHO criteria. NPM1, FLT3, MLL, CEBPA, IDH1, IDH2, WT1, DNMT3A, RUNX1, TET2 and ASXL1 gene mutations and EVI1 gene overexpression were detected by standard methods, as previously published (Renneville et al. Oncotarget 2014). Results: In the 192 patients analyzed, the incidence of molecular abnormalities was: MLL-PTD 5% (8/155), NPM1 31% (52/170), FLT3-TKD 9% (15/171), FLT3-ITD 19% (34/171), CEBPA double mutated (CEBPA-dm)11% (17/152), EVI1 overexpression 11% (17/152), IDH1 R132 9% (14/146), IDH2 R140 6% (10/159), IDH2 R172 2% (2/92), RUNX1 8% (6/67), DNMT3A 26% (11/43), TET2 12% (5/43) and ASXL1 7% (4/62). DG, DE and DM was evaluable in 59%, 83% and 85% of the patients, respectively. WHO-MLD was identified in 43/192 (22%) patients, and was not significantly associated with any genetic marker, even in AML with normal karyotype (Table 1). On the other hand, when using GFHC criteria, we observed in NPM1 mutated patients a higher % of bi-tri or multi nucleated megakaryocytes (25% vs 10%, p=0.03), of cytoplasmic DG (74% vs 58%, p=0.03); and more dysplasia in other cell lines including eosinophils, basophils, mastocytes, monocytes (p=0.008). In CEBPA-dm patients, lower % of global DG (21% vs 54%, p=0.04) was seen. In EVI1 overexpressing patients, we found a higher % of global DM, of micromegacaryocytes and of hypolobulated megacaryocytes (80% vs 31%, p=0.01; 18% vs 2%, p=0.01 and 19% vs 6%, p=0.001 respectively). In DNMT3A mutated patients, we observed a lower % of bi-tri or multi nucleated megakaryocytes (2% vs 28%, p=0.01) and a higher % of nuclear and cytoplasmic DG (21% vs 2%, p=0.005 and 1.2% vs 0%, p=0.03, respectively). In TET2 mutated patients, we observed less defects in nuclear segmentation and a higher % of abnormal chromatin condensation in granulocytes (1% vs 9%, p=0.02 and 6% vs 0%, p=0.008, respectively). Conclusion: Presence of WHO-MLD was not significantly correlated with any genetic subgroup. The 22 BM dysplasia parameters designed by the GFHC were evaluable in a majority of patients, and allowed us to find some specific cytomorphologic features in de novo AML with NPM1, CEBPA-DM, DNMT3A, TET2 mutation, or EVI1 overexpression. Those findings suggest that the definition of MLD may be refined by using more in depth quantification of dysplasia, especially with GFCH parameters. This study will be expanded with the inclusion of whole exome sequencing data (ongoing). Table 1. Correlation between MLD, normal karyotype and molecular abnormalities % AML-MLD % AML-MLD in AML with normal karyotype MLL-PTD 37,5% 29% NPM1 25% 28% FLT3-TKD 27% 33% FLT3-ITD 27% 25% CEBPA-dm 0% 0% IDH1 R132 21% 18% IDH2 R140 10% 0% IDH2 R172 0% 0% RUNX1 40% 40% DNMT3A 0% 0% TET2 0% 0% ASXL1 25% 50% EVI1 24% 0% Disclosures Fenaux: Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.