Hypophysitis that develops in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4; an inhibitory molecule classically expressed on T cells) is now reported at an incidence of approximately 10%. Its pathogenesis is unknown, in part because no pathologic examination of the pituitary gland has been reported to date. We analyzed at autopsy the pituitary glands of six cancer patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade, one with clinical and pathologic evidence of hypophysitis, one with mild lymphocytic infiltration in the pituitary gland but no clinical signs of hypophysitis, and four with normal pituitary structure and function. CTLA-4 antigen was expressed by pituitary endocrine cells in all patients but at different levels. The highest levels were found in the patient who had clinical and pathologic evidence of severe hypophysitis. This high pituitary CTLA-4 expression was associated with T-cell infiltration and IgG-dependent complement fixation and phagocytosis, immune reactions that induced an extensive destruction of the adenohypophyseal architecture. Pituitary CTLA-4 expression was confirmed in a validation group of 37 surgical pituitary adenomas and 11 normal pituitary glands. The study suggests that administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibodies to patients who express high levels of CTLA-4 antigen in the pituitary can cause an aggressive (necrotizing) form of hypophysitis through type IV (T-cell dependent) and type II (IgG dependent) immune mechanisms.

We describe the first Caucasian patient with biopsy-proven IgG4-related hypophysitis and provide classification criteria for this disease.

Pituitary autoimmunity encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from histologically proven forms of lymphocytic hypophysitis to the presence of pituitary antibodies in apparently healthy subjects. Hypophysitis is a rare but increasingly recognized disorder that typically presents as a mass in the sella turcica. It mimics clinically and radiologically other non-secreting sellar masses, such as the more common pituitary adenoma. Hypophysitis shows a striking temporal association with pregnancy, and it has been recently described during immunotherapies that block CTLA-4. Several candidate pituitary autoantigens have been described in the last decade, although none has proven useful as a diagnostic tool. This review summarizes the advances made in the field since the publication of the first review on pituitary autoimmunity, and the challenges that await clarification.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) mimics the more common nonsecreting pituitary adenomas and can be diagnosed with certainty only histologically. Approximately 40% of patients with AH are still misdiagnosed as having pituitary macroadenoma and undergo unnecessary surgery. MR imaging is currently the best noninvasive diagnostic tool to differentiate AH from nonsecreting adenomas, though no single radiologic sign is diagnostically accurate. The purpose of this study was to develop a scoring system that summarizes numerous MR imaging signs to increase the probability of diagnosing AH before surgery.

Cystatin C (Cys C) is a cysteine protease inhibitor produced at a constant rate by nucleated cells, filtered through the glomerular membrane and reabsorbed by kidney tubular cells. Aim of this cross-sectional and longitudinal study was to assess serum Cys C and creatinine (Crea) concentrations in thyroid dysfunction. One hundred and eighty-one patients, 26 with untreated non-toxic nodular goiter, 58 with hyperthyroidism, 31 on L-T4 suppressive therapy for non-toxic nodular goiter, 35 with short-term hypothyroidism after L-T4 withdrawal to perform whole body scan for thyroid cancer, 11 with long-term hypothyroidism due to chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and 20 patients with mild hypothyroidism were enrolled in the study. Fifty-seven age- and sex-matched normal subjects served as controls. Serum Cys C, Crea, free T4 (FT4), FT3 and TSH were assessed. Thirty hyperthyroid patients and 35 short-term hypothyroid patients were followed prospectively until euthyroidism was reached by methimazole or L-T4 therapy. The cross-sectional study showed that mean serum Crea concentrations were significantly reduced in overt hyperthyroid or subclinical hyperthyroid patients, while it was increased in overt hypothyroid patients, but not in mild hypothyroidism. Conversely, serum Cys C levels were significantly increased in overt hyperthyroid patients compared to controls (p<0.05), and significantly decreased in short-term, long-term and mild hypothyroids (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). However, 36 (62%) hyperthyroid patients and 50 (76%) hypothyroid patients had normal serum Cys C values. In the prospective study, restoration of euthyroidism by either methimazole or L-T4 therapy was associated with normalization of mean serum Cys C concentrations. In conclusion, thyroid dysfunction affects serum Cys C concentration, possibly influencing the production rate of the protein. However, the observation that hyper- or hypothyroid patients have normal serum Cys C levels limits its use as a marker of peripheral thyroid hormone effect.

Objective: Abnormalities of glucose metabolism are common findings of acromegaly. However, robust evidence on whether therapy with somatostatin analogs (SSAs) or pegvisomant (PEG) differently affects glucose metabolism is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of therapy with SSAs, PEG, or their combination on glucose metabolism in a large series of acromegalic patients. Design: This was a historical-prospective study. Among 50 consecutive acromegalic patients under SSA therapy, acromegaly in 19 patients was controlled. PEG used in combination with SSA therapy allowed the control of acromegaly in the remaining 31 patients and was then continued as monotherapy in 18 patients. Methods: The following parameters were evaluated at the diagnosis of acromegaly and during different treatments: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin concentrations, insulin sensitivity (QUICK-I), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Comparison was made using analysis for paired data. Results: Insulin resistance improved when acromegaly was controlled with therapy with SSAs, PEG, or SSACPEG. However, FPG concentrations were higher during SSA therapy (alone or combined with PEG) than at the diagnosis of acromegaly, even when corrected for disease activity, whereas they were reduced during PEG therapy. Mean glucose concentrations during the OGTT were higher in patients receiving SSA therapy than in those receiving PEG therapy. In addition, the prevalence of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was higher during SSA therapy than at diagnosis or during PEG therapy and was not influenced by disease control. Conclusions: Medical therapies for acromegaly reduce insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity; on the contrary, glucose indexes may be differently affected by SSA or PEG therapy.

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We report a comprehensive study of pituitary antibodies by immunofluorescence and provide a method and an interpretation scheme that should be useful for identifying and monitoring patients with pituitary autoimmunity.