Here, we report some electrophysiologic and imaging effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in drug addiction, notably in alcohol and crack-cocaine dependence. The low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) analysis obtained through event-related potentials (ERPs) under drug-related cues, more specifically in its P3 segment (300-500 ms) in both, alcoholics and crack-cocaine users, showed that the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was the brain area with the largest change towards increasing activation under drug-related cues in those subjects that kept abstinence during and after the treatment with bilateral tDCS (2 mA, 35 cm(2), cathodal left and anodal right) over dlPFC, applied repetitively (five daily sessions). In an additional study in crack-cocaine, which showed craving decreases after repetitive bilateral tDCS, we examined data originating from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and we found increased DTI parameters in the left connection between vmPFC and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), such as the number of voxels, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), in tDCS-treated crack-cocaine users when compared to the sham-tDCS group. This increasing of DTI parameters was significantly correlated with craving decreasing after the repetitive tDCS. The vmPFC relates to the control of drug seeking, possibly by extinguishing this behavior. In our studies, the bilateral dlPFC tDCS reduced relapses and craving to the drug use, and increased the vmPFC activation under drug cues, which may be of a great importance in the control of drug use in drug addiction.
Respiratory diseases in children and adolescents: profiling primary care visits in Vitória/ES Objetivo: Identificar as principais causas de atendimento por doenças respiratórias na atenção primária, em Vitória, ES, nos residentes de 0-19 anos, relacionando a gravidade das mesmas com idade e nível socioeconômico, e verificar a variação temporal de frequência desses atendimentos. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo dos atendimentos realizados em 2014 nas 30 unidades básicas de saúde do município de Vitória, com dados do sistema de registros eletrônicos Rede Bem Estar. Realizou-se análise descritiva das variáveis sociodemográficas, grupos de diagnóstico e mês de atendimento e regressão logística entre topografia de acometimento do aparelho respiratório e variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: Dos 113.252 atendimentos de 0-19 anos, doenças respiratórias constituíram as causas mais frequentes (28.810, 25,43% do total, 40,18% dos atendimentos por doença), destacando-se "Infecções agudas das vias aéreas superiores" (61,35%), "Doenças crônicas das vias aéreas inferiores" (14,60%) e "Outras doenças das vias aéreas superiores" (8,69%). A proporção de atendimentos caiu com a idade e foi maior entre residentes em bairro de menor renda domiciliar média. As vias aéreas superiores foram mais acometidas em todas as faixas etárias, principalmente nas mais avançadas, e nos residentes em bairros de maior renda domiciliar média. Porém, apenas 6% da variância da distribuição segundo topografia de acometimento do aparelho respiratório foi explicada por faixa etária e nível socioeconômico. Observou-se crescimento dos atendimentos nos meses de março a novembro. Conclusões: Doenças respiratórias são agravos de grande impacto na população pediátrica em Vitória. Recomendam-se medidas de prevenção primária e secundária que levem em consideração a multicausalidade envolvida na determinação dessas doenças. www.rbmfc.org.br Resumo ARTIGOS DE PESQUISAS Enfermedades respiratorias en niños y adolescentes: un perfil de asistencia en la atención primaria en Vitória/ESObjective: To identify the main reasons for visiting a primary health care facility among 0-19 year old residents with respiratory diseases, as well as their frequency, and to associate the severity of those diseases with age and socioeconomic status. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all visits to any of the 30 basic health units of the city of Vitória, ES in 2014, using the electronic database Rede Bem Estar. A descriptive analysis was carried out on sociodemographic variables, diagnostic groups and the month of these visits, in addition to logistic regression between the topography of the impairment of the respiratory system and sociodemographic variables. Results: Respiratory diseases were the most frequent reason for visiting the primary health care facility among all 113,252 0-19 years old participants included in the study (28,810, corresponding to 25.43% of the total and 40.18% of visits due to illness), particularly "acute upper respiratory in...
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