Immunocompromised patients are considered high-risk and prioritized for vaccination against COVID-19. We aimed to analyze B-cell subsets in these patients to identify potential predictors of humoral vaccination response. Patients (n=120) suffering from hematologic malignancies or other causes of immunodeficiency and healthy controls (n=79) received a full vaccination series with an mRNA vaccine. B-cell subsets were analyzed prior to vaccination. Two independent anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or trimeric S protein (TSP) were performed three to four weeks after the second vaccination. Seroconversion occurred in 100% of healthy controls, in contrast to 67% (RBD) and 82% (TSP) of immunocompromised patients, while only 32% (RBD) and 22% (TSP) achieved antibody levels comparable to those of healthy controls. The number of circulating CD19+IgD+CD27- naïve B cells was strongly associated with antibody levels (ρ=0.761, P<0.001) and the only independent predictor for achieving antibody levels comparable to healthy controls (OR 1.07 per 10-µL increase, 95%CI 1.02–1.12, P=0.009). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a cut-off at ≥61 naïve B cells per µl to discriminate between patients with and without an optimal antibody response. Consequently, measuring of naïve B cells in immunocompromised hematologic patients could be useful in predicting their humoral vaccination response.
Objectives
Immunocompromised patients are at risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 and are considered a high priority for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. Humoral vaccination response is impaired in these patients when circulating B cells are lacking. We aimed to analyze B-cell subsets at the time of vaccination to identify potential predictors of humoral vaccination response.
Methods
Patients (n=120) receiving B-cell-depleting therapy (n=41), those suffering from inborn errors of immunity (n=25) and hematologic malignancies (n=56), and healthy controls (n=79) were vaccinated twice with BNT162b2 or mRNA 1273. B-cell subsets were analyzed prior to vaccination. Two independent anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassays targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or trimeric S protein (TSP) were performed three to four weeks after the second vaccination.
Results
Seroconversion occurred in 100% of the healthy controls, in contrast to 67% (RBD) and 82% (TSP) of the patients, while only 32% (RBD) and 22% (TSP) achieved antibody levels comparable to those of healthy controls. The number of circulating naive B cell was strongly associated with antibody levels (r=0.761, P<0.001) across all immunosuppressive treatments or conditions. In multivariable analysis, the number of naive B cells was an independent predictor for achieving antibody levels comparable to healthy controls, and receiver operating characteristic analysis predicted that at least six naive B cells per microL were required.
Conclusions
Assessing the abundance of naive B cells in immunocompromised patients could be useful in predicting the optimal vaccination response.
Schnitzler syndrome (SchS) is a rare autoinflammatory disease, characterized by urticarial rash, recurrent fever, osteo-articular pain/arthritis with bone condensation, and monoclonal gammopathy. Diagnosis may be difficult due to overlapping signs with other diseases. Here, we describe the case of a 62-year-old man with SchS, who was initially misdiagnosed with multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). As excessive release of IL-6 is characteristic of MCD, in contrast to IL-1 in SchS, we measured the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins of the respective pathways by flow cytometry. We found a distinct increase of phosphorylated IRAK-4 in our patient’s B cells and monocytes while phosphorylation of STAT-3 was low, suggesting predominant IL-1 signaling. In accordance with these results and the classification criteria, we established the diagnosis of SchS instead of MCD and commenced therapy with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. We observed a rapid remission of signs accompanied by a reduction of phosphorylated IRAK-4 to normal levels. In conclusion, we propose phosphorylated IRAK-4 in B cells and monocytes as a potential marker for diagnosis of SchS and for treatment response to IL-1 blockade.
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