Evidence as to the nature of the diuresis following ingestion of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) suggests that it is similar to the diuresis following ingestion of water. In view of the lack of absolute proof of their identity, however, a further comparison of the two has been made in respect of certain properties by which a water diuresis can be differentiated from other types of diuresis. One such property is the response of the kidney in respect of excretion of chloride; an increased rate of urine flow is in general associated with an increased output of chloride, but, in a water diuresis, the great increase in rate of flow is accompanied by a diminished chloride output (Eggleton, 1943). The results of a series of class experiments on the effect of exercise on renal function, when different diuretics were used to promote urine flow, suggested that alcohol and water had the same effect in diminishing excretion of chloride (Eggleton, 1945), whereas tea increased it. The matter has now been investigated more fully and under more standardized conditions, without the additional effects of exercise. METHODSThe general procedure was the same as that used in previous investigations. Each experiment was performed at least 5 hr. after the last meal, usually in the early afternoon; if in the morning, breakfast was omitted. Usually a glass of water was taken 2-3 hr. before the experiment began, to ensure a reasonable state of body hydration. In the experiments now reported, all substances under investigation were taken by mouth, and at least one urine sample was collected before their ingestion.In a few of the earlier experiments, urinary chloride was determined by the electrometric titration method (Eggleton, Eggleton & Hamilton, 1937); in the remainder, a direct titration method, using tartrazine as indicator, was used with complete satisfaction. This method is simple and was foun& to be unexpectedly accurate over a wide range of chloride concentration in urine. The urine was delivered slowly from a 10 c.c. micro-burette into a boiling tube containing 2 c.c. 29-2
shortly with the need for keeping this up to some extent after the girl liars left school.The work of the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland) has been so splendidly done that it might reasonably be supposed that the last word on the subject had been said. At the time that the commission was sitting, however, I was struck with the fact that the witnesses examined on the subject of girls' schools were all tllose who had knowledge of girls of a class attending higher elementary schools, with the exception of one or two heads of schools for girls in a better social position. As my personal experience has been chiefly confined to girls of the class who would attend high schools or good boarding schools, I would like to say something more especially about their needs.We probably are all agreed that, although much has been done of late to obtain good physical training for girls in all classes of schools, very much remains t,o be done. The report of the commission shows us how very little time is allotted to drill or exercise in the elementary schools. The time ranges on an average from 4 of an hour to 12 hours perweek. It seems almost impossible to believe that any good could come of spending ( of an hour per week in drill except as an education in training the power of attention. In tlle poorer schools the children are often tired when they come to school, having already done a certain amount of work at home; they have probably had insufficient sleep, and often insufficient food. If, however, children are too tired to take part in daily drill and exercises, and are not well enough fed to take part in games, they are not fit to be taught any lessons. In the better schools there is the great difficulty of want of time. It is a very anomalous condition of things that our children in industrial scllools should be better off in this respect than children of poor but respectable parents. The fault does not lie with the teachers, but in the overwhelming burden 'of work laid upon the children by the code. A code which would give us a daily programme of *half an hour's gymnastics, and half an hour's spontaneous play in the midst of tlle school-work, would be the greatest boon, not only to the children's bodies but to their minds.In the High schools fashion Ilas done a great deal for us of late years. Very many of the good middle-class and higher schools have a gymnasium, or arrangements for gymnastic classes, and many have a playing-field. But even in this class of school tllere is still much to be done before all of them give a good physical education.The German systein of physical exercises includes training in free exercises, of use of bar-bells and wooden dumb-bells, drilling, and the at WESTERN OREGON UNIVERSITY on May 26, 2015 rsh.sagepub.com Downloaded from
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