People can be classified as attracted to both sexes, to men, to women, or to neither sex, and also as instrumental-expressive, instrumental, expressive, or non-instrumental-expressive. The two hypotheses tested herein are, on the one hand, the relative independence between these two typologies and, on the other, the close relation between sexual dimorphism and sexual attraction, in contrast to the relative independence between sexual dimorphism and the instrumental and expressive domains. A total of 503 university students (284 women and 219 men) completed two assessment instruments: The Sexual Attraction Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI, 12 items). Analysis of contingency tables was performed. The results provide empirical support for the hypothesis of independence of the two typologies, solid support for the relation between sexual dimorphism and sexual attraction, and clear support for the independence between the gender domains and sexual dimorphism. The implications of these data for the different outlooks concerning the relations between sex and gender are established. Keywords: sexual attraction, sexual orientation, instrumentality, expressiveness, masculinity, femininity, androgyny Las personas pueden ser clasificadas como atraídas por ambos sexos, por varones, por mujeres o por ninguno, a la par que ser consideradas como instrumental-expresivas, instrumentales, expresivas y ainstrumental-expresivas. Las dos hipótesis que se van a poner a prueba son, por un lado, la relativa a la independencia entre las dos tipologías y, por otro, la estrecha relación entre el dimorfismo sexual y la atracción sexual frente a la relativa independencia o cuasi-independencia entre aquél y los dominios instrumental y expresivo. Un total de 503 estudiantes universitarios, de los cuales 284 eran mujeres y 219 varones, cumplimentaron dos instrumentos de evaluación: el Cuestionario de Atracción Sexual (CAS) y el Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI, 12 ítems). Se realizaron análisis de tablas de contingencia. Los resultados ofrecen apoyo empírico a la hipótesis de la independencia de las dos tipologías, un sólido respaldo a la relación entre dimorfismo sexual y atracción sexual y un claro apoyo a la independencia de los dominios de género y el dimorfismo sexual. Se establecen las implicaciones de estos datos para las distintas posturas en torno a las relaciones entre la realidad del sexo y la del género. Palabras
The Sexual Attraction Questionnaire (SAQ) was designed to measure sexual attraction (Fernández, Quiroga, & Rodríguez, 2006), because the current questionnaires were considered inadequate. The purpose of this research was to test whether the SAQ factors remain meaningful after several years (stability) and whether the Italian version is equivalent to the Spanish one (consistency). Three groups of university students participated: two from Spain (n = 182 and 255, respectively) and one from Italy (n = 293). The Spanish groups were tested with a 7-year interval (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). The Italian group was tested in 2008. The main hypotheses were to test, across time interval and countries: (a) factor congruence, (b) predictive power of factors (proportion of variance accounted for), and (c) scale reliability. Sexual attraction typology also was analyzed, within and between countries, to test the validity of the underlying theoretical model. The results obtained show that the SAQ factor structure remains the same, the resulting factors have high predictive power, and the SAQ scales are highly reliable. Sexual dimorphism and sexual attraction typology are highly associated, thus validating the underlying theoretical model. Keywords: sexual attraction, sexual orientation, sexual typology, factor congruence and stability, cross-national studies.El Cuestionario de Atracción Sexual (CAS) se creó para valorar la atracción sexual (Fernández, Quiroga, & Rodríguez, 2006) debido a la ausencia de instrumentos específicos. Se pretende analizar ahora si la estructura dimensional del CAS permanece estable con el paso del tiempo y si es semejante en la versión italiana. Participaron tres grupos de estudiantes universitarios: dos españoles (182 y 255) y uno italiano (293). Los datos del primer grupo español se obtuvieron en 2001 y los del segundo en 2008, junto con los del grupo italiano. Las hipótesis se centran en analizar: (a) la congruencia de las estructuras factoriales; (b) el poder predictivo de los factores (proporción de varianza explicada) y (c) la fiabilidad de las escalas del CAS, tanto entre países como entre los dos momentos temporales. Además, para poner a prueba la validez del modelo teórico subyacente, se analiza la semejanza en la tipología de la atracción sexual intra e inter-países. Los resultados muestran que la estructura factorial del CAS se mantiene, sus factores poseen un alto poder predictivo y las escalas gozan de alta fiabilidad. El dimorfismo sexual y la tipología de atracción sexual están altamente relacionados, lo que apoya la validez del modelo teórico subyacente. Palabras clave: atracción sexual, orientación sexual, tipología sexual, congruencia y estabilidad factorial, estudios interpaíses.
Sexual attraction is an essential part of sex, just as the instrumental and expressive traits are the mainstay of gender. Various hypotheses concerning the dimensionality and independence versus dependence/overlapping of these core entities were tested. A group of 423 university students completed the Sexual Attraction Questionnaire (SAQ; Fernández, Quiroga, & Rodríguez, 2006) and the 12-item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974). Internal consistency and factor analyses (PAF) were conducted. The results support the dimensionality established for the SAQ and reveal some psychometric and conceptual weaknesses of the 12-item BSRI. The results also support the independence of the two cores: sexual attraction and the instrumental and expressive traits. The logical implications for the different viewpoints of the relations between sex and gender are discussed.
This study was designed to develop a computerized test to assess gender roles. This test is presented as a decision-making task to mask its purpose. Each item displays a picture representing an activity and a brief sentence that describes it. Participants have to choose the most suitable sex to perform each activity: man or woman. The test (Gender Roles Test, GRT-36) consists of 36 items/activities. The program registers both the choices made and their response times (RTs). Responses are considered as stereotyped when the chosen sex fits stereotyped roles and non-stereotyped when the chosen sex does not fit stereotyped roles. Individual means (RTs) were computed for stereotyped and non-stereotyped responses, differentiating between domestic and work spheres. A “D” score, reflecting the strength of association between activities and sex, was calculated for each sphere and sex. The study incorporated 78 participants (69% women and 31% men) ranging from 19 to 59 years old. The results show that: (a) reading speed does not explain the variability in the RTs; (b) RTs show good internal consistency; (c) RTs are shorter for stereotyped than for neutral stimuli; (d) RTs are shorter for stereotyped than for non-stereotyped responses. Intended goals are supported by obtained results. Scores provided by the task facilitate both group and individual detailed analysis of gender role, differentiating the gender role assigned to men from that assigned to women, at the domestic and work spheres. Obtained data fall within the scope of the genderology and their implications are discussed.
The authors regret that the above mentioned article contained an error:The following text on page 905:Concerning the levels of internal consistency, it must be pointed out that RT measures present, for neutral items, (α = .85) and for items of both spheres (α = .91). These data show a satisfactory internal consistency, both taking into account their absolute value and carrying out comparative analyses for these types of tests. Among the most wellknown ones, at an international scale, is the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This test shows a value of .80 in the majority of studies (Brunel et al., 2004). When GRT-36 is broken down with respect to spheres and sexes, the values of internal consistency are lowered: domestic female (α = .70) and work male (α = .66). Within this breakdown, it should be remarked that the lower alpha values correspond to categories with fewer items. Should be replaced with:Concerning the levels of internal consistency, it must be pointed out that RT measures present, for neutral items, (α = .85) and for items of both spheres (α = .91). These data show a satisfactory internal consistency, both taking into account their absolute value and carrying out comparative analyses for these types of tests. Among the most wellknown ones, at an international scale, is the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This test shows a value of .80 in the majority of studies (Brunel et al., 2004). When GRT-36 is broken down with respect to spheres and sexes, the values of internal consistency are lowered: domestic female (α = .86), domestic male (α = .71), work female (α = .70) and work male (α = .66). Within this breakdown, it should be remarked that the lower alpha values correspond to categories with fewer items.
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